Welcome to The Last Stand podcast, a mini-series on the social life of forests, reparative land management, and just climate futures on the occasion of Creative Time’s newest public art commission, Kamala Sankaram’s experimental opera of the same name. Expanding over five parts and ten hours, Sankaram’s The Last Stand invites us into 300 years of sonic history told entirely through field recordings. As the years unfold, the human impact on the forest becomes visceral: species disappear, stor ...
…
continue reading
This Podcast answers questions surrounding relationships. Jillian and Marion are two truth tellers in the big city willing to give listeners a straight answer. Just like King Solomon said,"Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but deceitful are the kisses of an enemy," These two Ladies are friends you can count on. Telling a friend something they do not want to hear, like warning them about a relationship, takes balls and not everyone is willing to risk a friendship to ask the tough questions ...
…
continue reading
The Last Podcaster Standing searches the globe for the bizarre, strange, weird and idiotic headlines, events, and the people in them. Sharing personal stories and "Shootin' The Sh*t" on random topics along the way. Hosted by Grant (The Kilted One ), Jason (The Angry Ginger), Joe (The Sniper), Tom (Mr. Know It All), and Stephanie (The Google Goddess). We talk dirty. We laugh. We don't make headlines, we make fun of 'em!
…
continue reading
1
Episode Three Part One — Rhizomatic Networks and Mutual Aid
25:51
25:51
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
25:51
In this episode, professor, lawyer, and organizer Dean Spade talks with mycologist Peter McCoy about applying the characteristics of fungal networks to the political work of resource distribution, resilience building, and solidarity.
…
continue reading
1
Episode Two — The Future of Forestry
33:50
33:50
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
33:50
This episode considers the future of forests and what equity and repair in land management could and should look like. We start with a roundtable on the future of urban forestry in New York City with advocates from the Forest For All coalition, featuring Alexander Bender (Tri-Lox), Lindsay Campbell (USDA Forest Service, NYC Urban Field Station), Jo…
…
continue reading
1
Episode One — Sounds of the Forest
36:42
36:42
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
36:42
This episode features a conversation between Kamala Sankaram, artist and composer of The Last Stand and the world’s leading forest ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard. In part two of this episode, evolutionary ecologist and ecoacoustics expert Dr. Monica Gagliano and musicologist Frank J. Oteri discuss the sonic relationship between plants and musicians.…
…
continue reading
1
(Rebounds, Tattoos, Red Flags, Am I boring, and Lingerie) Episode 6 2018
1:55:11
1:55:11
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:55:11
In this episode, the ladies have their first gueststar a fellow podcaster Adam from the Ill-advised & unprepared. The three start with general topics surrounding rebounds and red flags and take a twist on the questions by getting a male perspective.Kirjoittanut Last Friend Standing
…
continue reading
1
(Recycling Toys, Wean off a Mama's Boy, Ghosting, and Should I Settle?) Episode 5 2018
47:21
47:21
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
47:21
In this episode, the Ladies cover controversial topics surrounding keeping items from a previous relationship and calling off a wedding. The Girls also cover light-hearted questions about dealing with Mamas boy and an online dating phenomenon.Kirjoittanut Last Friend Standing
…
continue reading
1
(How to get over Infatuation, To tell on a cheater, and My Best Friend met my Boyfriend.) - Episode 4 2018
52:28
52:28
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
52:28
In the latest Episode, the ladies cover how to get over infatuation, to tell or not to tell on a cheater and what to do when your best friend and boyfriend don't get along.Kirjoittanut Last Friend Standing
…
continue reading
1
(My husband is poisoning me, Thoughts on my assault, I can't afford to be in this wedding) - Episode 3 2018
44:58
44:58
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
44:58
In this episode, the ladies cover two serious questions surrounding being poisoned and sexual assault, then end with a lighter subject of standing up in a wedding and the price you pay literally.Kirjoittanut Last Friend Standing
…
continue reading
1
(Single Forever, Settling in Marriage, Does size really matter?) Pilot Episode - Episode 1 2018
32:37
32:37
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
32:37
Jillian and Marion cover three questions asked in their pilot episode. The Ladies discuss everything from being single forever, settling for marrige, and if size really does matter.Kirjoittanut Last Friend Standing
…
continue reading
1
Kurt Cobain Called, He Wants His Sweater Back!
2:05:51
2:05:51
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
2:05:51
In this, the 76th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, ...It's not the end it's only begi..-Hiatus! In this episode Mr. Kia has car trouble! TK1 actually has fun! The Sniper wakes the fuck up and gets more Snipes in the Wesley! Ginger helps remember the past but does so using his memory...and G.G. well she's not bored this time! The crew pays tr…
…
continue reading
1
Cinnamon Challenged
1:10:42
1:10:42
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:10:42
In this, the 75th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, TK1, AG and Mr. Kia decide to finally take the "Vegemite Challenge" that's almost a year old now. The Sniper says "Hell No, it's a texture thing!" and pulls out his phone to do a little video recording! *Video now available via our Youtube channel!* As with everything on TLPS, things go over…
…
continue reading
1
No Fun For Pregnant Nuns
1:03:10
1:03:10
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:03:10
In this, the 74th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Well here we are back again since the last time...we were umm...back again! All 5 of us. That is to say, until we are not. We start off talking about Joe and Tom's trip to the windy city and how they finally let their thirds meet. Then TK1 decides to warm us all by apologizing to the Fun Spo…
…
continue reading
1
Podcrafting For Weenies
1:26:31
1:26:31
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:26:31
In this, the 73rd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The guys (*ahem* and lady, thank you!) discuss a Japanese delicacy that only an asexual man could prepare. We also speak to each other in the fourth language as only a true Minecraft-ian can! We learn that not only in Minecraft can you build the starship Enterprise, and if you’re willing you…
…
continue reading
In this, the 72nd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Just when we get the show started up...something straight out of an M. Night Shyamalan movie happens! A twist you never saw coming! Something so shocking....OK, not really a big deal. There is a suprise. Some may enjoy it...some won't. Either way, there will be Afterglow envolved! We always …
…
continue reading
1
A Steady Diet Of Sunlight And Baby Powder
1:25:06
1:25:06
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:25:06
In this, the 71st episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Links Wild Ride In A Wheelchair Mother Tries To Sell Daughter's Virginity Sunlight Diet Baby Pills AND by popular demand The Glossary of Perversion Have a quiz, a survey, or a story that needs to be told? Send it to us, we'll make a show out of it! Have questions you want answered? Send us a…
…
continue reading
1
Don't Bring A Sword To A Chainsaw Fight
1:42:43
1:42:43
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:42:43
In this, the 70th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The Angry Ginger threatens neighborhood annihilation when his oldest starts having issues with a friend! Unfortunately, he is stopped dead cold in his tracks by the "friend's" Mom! Moving from a Westeria Lane type scandal to another, those of you that listened to our now defunct podcast Ask …
…
continue reading
1
Into Her Musky Cave
1:07:44
1:07:44
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:07:44
In this, the 69th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The Sniper goes to war with the U-Verse! Just as history has proven over and over again, even in times of war you're bound to make love...not war!(With the Cable Guy) Even after falling asleep to elevator music, while waiting for someone named Fred in India to give him assistance with his In…
…
continue reading
1
69 Badges of Uncomfortability
1:12:57
1:12:57
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:12:57
In this, the 68th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, ...Meanwhile at a local Denny's...Mr. K.I.A. takes a brief snore inducing moment to let us know about a very "special" lunch outing he partook in last week. A lunch that filled him with "pride" but left the customers filled with confusion and riddled with bullet holes! That's right folks, Mr…
…
continue reading
1
Robotussin: The Cure For Autism
1:19:31
1:19:31
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:19:31
In this, the 67th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Before getting to a very important listener submitted voice mail, we sit down to discuss our feelings! Not our own mind you, just the neighborhood squirrel's. Yes Squirrels! So the question on every one's mind is...Do they have feelings? TK1 shares a story with us that would make even the ha…
…
continue reading
1
Empowering Lot Lizards At 80mph
1:18:09
1:18:09
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:18:09
In this, the 66th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Hello and welcome back to another fun filled edition of TLPS! Buckle up for safety listeners! In case you haven't learned your lesson yet, and unless you're riding shotgun on the bang bus, then most likely you're not protected from G.G. and her fine motor skills! I'm not going to go into det…
…
continue reading
1
An 8 Ball Of Premasticated Podcast
1:23:24
1:23:24
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:23:24
In this, the 65th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, While not trying to beat around the bush so to speak, TK1 and The Sniper do just that as they have come up with a new method of pleasing The Angry Ginger's Wife during climax! Actually, to be completely honest, all they want him to do is holler something at that pinnacle moment! AG, with the…
…
continue reading
1
A Ginger Kid And The Mentally Challenged Walk Into A Bar...
1:43:13
1:43:13
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:43:13
In this, the 64th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, It looks like Mr. Know-It-All, our resident pedantic fun sponge, is looking to achieve some new merit badges! That's right, it's about that time for #TLPS to plan their annual "ROAD TRIP"! Several destinations come up...nothing is set in stone. But it does look like the gang is going to head…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS Presents: Monster Trucks, Monster Moms, And a Monster TWIST
1:25:32
1:25:32
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:25:32
In this, the 63rd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Back by popular demand! Ladies and Gentleman, whether you love him or hate him (we know you all enjoy him), I give you Mr. Nick TWIST! Hopefully everyone has paid their cellphone bills, because it's going to take some crazy state to state calling to find our friend TWIST! So crazy in fact, t…
…
continue reading
1
Hookers And High Hopes
1:29:16
1:29:16
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:29:16
In this, the 62nd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, TK1 discusses how great the lighting was at Mr. Kia's wedding, how excited he is for his wife to try new meat, and he finds further proof to build his case for Ginger's Pregnancy Fetish! (That doesn't exist!)Moving on over to the Land of Confusion. We discuss Ginger's days as a bartender ten…
…
continue reading
1
Playground Treasures And Wedding Balls
1:27:36
1:27:36
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:27:36
In this, the 61st episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Can you hear the church bells ringing? He did it, Mr. Know-it-all married the Ninja! After exactly 50 episodes (See: Episode 11: This Robot I Thee Wed) K.I.A. is now a married man. Which after further review from the TLPS "Extensive Research Division" we have come to the conclusion that the …
…
continue reading
In this, the 60th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, TK1 experiences some phone issues that lead him to a whole new level in whoring out this podcast! (We are so proud.) Then he and The Angry Ginger again try to find common ground among "Rainbows and Unicorns." The Sniper returns from his squirrel hunting sabbatical to learn he was left behind…
…
continue reading
1
Two Bottles Of Wine And A Cadillac Ride To Neverland
1:20:05
1:20:05
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:20:05
In this, the 59th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing,The Google Goddess decides it's "Lush-time" and downs not one but 2 bottles of cheap gas station wine! (She's going to kill me for saying that!) She then slurs through her movie going experience not once...but twice! Apperently Harry Potter got hot! Anyways, while she yammers on about the lov…
…
continue reading
In this, the 58th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The gang discuss their love of animals. Some of us turn into Ace Venture or Snow White...while others like to go the Elmer Fudd route and just kill em! I'll give you one guess on who's who. When the animals and guns are put away there seems to be a lot of late night picture sharing on Twitte…
…
continue reading
1
Squirrel Huntin' In Hickory
1:28:21
1:28:21
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:28:21
In this, the 57th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The Sniper leads a hunting class on "Urban Squirrel Warfare" and at the same time gives a cooking class on squirrel stew! "Tastes like chicken!" The guys discuss their weekend which involved Mr. Kia's bachelor party, a comedy club, and podcasting follies! TK1 says "I love you!" in the Men's …
…
continue reading
1
TK1 Flew Out Of The Cuckoo's Nest
1:33:42
1:33:42
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:33:42
In this, the 56th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Once we are all introduced...it doesn't take long to get back into the swing of things. TK1 has returned, and it's obvious everyone here was ready to have a good time. So much I can write about for this episode but why spoil it! Let's just get to listening! Strap on your TK1 Super Fan Kilt, …
…
continue reading
1
What Came First? The Cripple Or The Egg?
1:23:53
1:23:53
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:23:53
In this, the 55th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing: I'll be real quick here...You're going to want to get to this episode A.S.A.P.!Mr. Know-It-All wakes up to a Zombie Apocalypse! The Ninja is in full panic mode! She's ready to whip some "Walking Dead" A$$! Ginger runs into Uncle Danny. He likes to swear! He says it's uncontrollable, but I'm …
…
continue reading
1
I Put My Penis In A Mouse
59:06
59:06
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
59:06
In this, the 54th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing: Alright, listen up, Maggots! General Westpointe here! Seems like we've got some punks here we have to deal with this week! One of you b**tards seems to have a little Hannibal Lecter in ya! Chewing on your ladies face like a dog on scraps? What's the matter son, you run outta meatballs? And y…
…
continue reading
1
The Diaries Of ... AND FRANK
1:14:13
1:14:13
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:14:13
In this, the 53rd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, In this fast paced episode we cover a lot of ground. Ground that needs to be covered, such as how long would it take for G.G.'s cats to eat her dead body if she were to die today. After that moving story, we travel on down the road to a friend's house. Several friend's houses to be exact! We…
…
continue reading
In this, the 52nd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, *WARNING! This Episode May Contain Actual Voice Recordings From "Supernatural Cherries & Fuzzy"*While starting the show Mr. Know It All, The Sniper and Angry Ginger notice they are not one, but two hosts short of a full podcast basket. Knowing that The Kilted One is still "Missing" they deci…
…
continue reading
On this, the 51st episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Listen up Mother F#%kers! This podcast has some history! Not only does it have a blast from the past co-host The Kilted One, It also has the host of another podcast. A podcast that took the time to listen to our silly little show and give it a review. The outcome? Well, if you've listened to…
…
continue reading
1
Radioactive Ginger Sperm And Christmas Stuff
1:10:07
1:10:07
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:10:07
In this, the 50th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Mr. Know-it-all decides to "Shoot the Sh$t" about a couple of guys the NINJA works with who may or may not be Broke Back Hunting! See, what starts off as an innocent weekend away with the guys turns into a pretty poisonous situation! Let's just say they both went home with a rash and an itch…
…
continue reading
In this, the 49th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The Google Goddess pulls out a story from back in the day about witnessing a "Mentally Handicapped" person who goes on a Donkey Kong like rampage at a bowling alley. He's told repeatedly by his "Keeper" (Thanks for that one Sniper) that it's time to go HOME! What happens next is unspeakable!…
…
continue reading
1
Wake Up With A Little Cock-A-Doodle-Do
1:00:05
1:00:05
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:00:05
In this, the 48th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing: While taking a trip down memory lane, The Sniper decides to drop a "Dirty Bomb" in the car as he pulls into the gas station to grab a pop. He doesn't say a word; pretty sure he doesn't even realize he’s done it till he comes back to the car. As he climbs into a car full of passed out podcast…
…
continue reading
In this, the 47th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, In what starts off as a simple discussion about The Sniper getting some free food at McDonald's, the story turns into not one, not two, but three stories about robbery. One involves a ruthless ex-lover, another involves a sock puppet, and believe it or not famous comedian Jeff Dunham, well h…
…
continue reading
1
The Cold Side Of F You (Anniversary Part 2)
1:04:01
1:04:01
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:04:01
In this, the 46th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, There is a reason that the Gods or Goddess in this case never had twitter. In the days of old, the Gods would show their wrath by opening up the Earth or sending twisters in to erase small villages. But in these days there is no need for "The Kracken"! The Goddess just needs a smart phone wi…
…
continue reading
1
Boobies Out The Hatchback (Anniversary Part 1)
49:20
49:20
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
49:20
In this, the 45th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Part one of our Anniversary Episode finds our very own Google Goddess at the doorstep of danger. Battered, bruised, and a bit shaken with anxiety, she weathers the storm to make sure she can finally come face to face with her Arch Nemesis Mr. K.I.A.! Ohhh, what a battle this is going to be! …
…
continue reading
1
TLPS: NerfSpermed By A Jacka$$ Hooker
1:13:51
1:13:51
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:13:51
In this, the 44th epsiode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Write up to come... Links Fecal Transplant TSA Note Guillotine: Self Correcting Problem Hitler's Parents Lose Custody Of Him Shapeshifting Hooker Have a quiz, survey, or test for us to take? Send it to us, we'll make a show out of it! Have a story that needs to be told? Have questions you wa…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS: Hunting Jack-In-The-Boxes With PISCA
1:18:45
1:18:45
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:18:45
In this, the 43rd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing,In keeping with the Halloween spirit, we decided to have a real life Ghostbuster on the show! But before getting to Jay, the Man from PISCA (Paranormal Investigation Society of Central Alabama), we welcome back a true specter of the spirit world, The Kilted One. That's right! The guy with the…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS Holds Video Game Reunion In G.G.'s Dragon Lair
1:28:57
1:28:57
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:28:57
In this, the 42nd episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, "You guys ready to Hip, Hip, Hip...shoot the sh$t?" While discussing Mr. K.I.A.'s love for college football, namely UofM, it is UofM, right, KIA? He informs us of a practical joke that the Ninja played on him one morning, proving once again that he's not only marrying his rival but also his …
…
continue reading
1
Harry Potter's Road Kill Cafe
1:22:56
1:22:56
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:22:56
In this, The 41st Episode of The Last Podcaster Standing: Is it just me or is the sound a little "off" in this episode? Yes, yes it is...actually the recording got all sorts of F'd up on our end. The #TLPS Super Duper Computer broke down, but before it did that it decided to take our podcast audio file and drop one hell of a Stanley Steamer on it. …
…
continue reading
1
Cakefarts: A TWISTed Tale Of LARPing
1:22:24
1:22:24
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:22:24
In this, The 40th Episode of The Last Podcaster Standing,He's Baaaack! That's right TLPS listeners! You asked for it, now you're getting it. Mr. Nick Twist is back to guest and "Shoot the Sh$t" with us. He doesn't waste anytime either. From the moment his name is announced, like a foghorn being blasted through a megaphone, he comes alive loud and c…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS: Loving Dolphins At Semen World
1:18:53
1:18:53
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:18:53
It’s simple enough. There’s “Bro Code” and “Show Code”. What’s the line that separates the 2? Ok… Maybe it’s not that simple. Let’s call TK1’s mom while live recording and ask her! Sperm banks are always looking for donations to help populate the planet. Just not from Gingers. They have no souls, and therefore need not share their empty seeds. True…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS On Somebody And Me
1:00:42
1:00:42
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:00:42
In this, The 38th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, The guys, and let's not forget the Goddess, are invited to guest on another podcast! Clearly they have no intelligence at all if they are inviting us five idiots to guest on their show! To our surprise they do, and they are great people! They ask some great questions and we have a great time…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS And The Pedantic Fun Sponge
1:26:00
1:26:00
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:26:00
In this, The 37th Episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Team TLPS decides to run a Marthon of sorts. If they can even decide how long or how many people constitute a Marathon! While running they decide to make a pit stop at the Pet Cemetery, A.K.A. The Angry Ginger's back yard! Sh$t get's biblical real quck! Animals rest in an undisturbed peace u…
…
continue reading
In this, the 36th episode od The Last Podcaster Standing, WRITE UP TO COME PIMPIN' OTHER PODS --->Each of the following has a good show and each has a different voice...CHECK'EM OUT ON TWITTER- @barelysarcasm, @IAintEvenMadPod, @ParkingLotPod, @Gustosapien, @comedicalchemy, @somebodyfunny, @Never Zero Podcast, @awkwardpodcast, @thegds, @GdsRogue, @…
…
continue reading
1
TLPS: Out Of Order
1:13:08
1:13:08
Toista myöhemmin
Toista myöhemmin
Listat
Tykkää
Tykätty
1:13:08
In this, the 35th episode of The Last Podcaster Standing, Something completely different... Most often in the write-ups I do for each episode, I attempt to use humor and wit to inform you in part, of what the topics and headlines we discuss are in the episode. This time around however, I thought I would change it up and tell you rather instead abou…
…
continue reading