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On this episode of Advances in Care , host Erin Welsh and Dr. Craig Smith, Chair of the Department of Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief at NewYork-Presbyterian and Columbia discuss the highlights of Dr. Smith’s 40+ year career as a cardiac surgeon and how the culture of Columbia has been a catalyst for innovation in cardiac care. Dr. Smith describes the excitement of helping to pioneer the institution’s heart transplant program in the 1980s, when it was just one of only three hospitals in the country practicing heart transplantation. Dr. Smith also explains how a unique collaboration with Columbia’s cardiology team led to the first of several groundbreaking trials, called PARTNER (Placement of AoRTic TraNscatheteR Valve), which paved the way for a monumental treatment for aortic stenosis — the most common heart valve disease that is lethal if left untreated. During the trial, Dr. Smith worked closely with Dr. Martin B. Leon, Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Chief Innovation Officer and the Director of the Cardiovascular Data Science Center for the Division of Cardiology. Their findings elevated TAVR, or transcatheter aortic valve replacement, to eventually become the gold-standard for aortic stenosis patients at all levels of illness severity and surgical risk. Today, an experienced team of specialists at Columbia treat TAVR patients with a combination of advancements including advanced replacement valve materials, three-dimensional and ECG imaging, and a personalized approach to cardiac care. Finally, Dr. Smith shares his thoughts on new frontiers of cardiac surgery, like the challenge of repairing the mitral and tricuspid valves, and the promising application of robotic surgery for complex, high-risk operations. He reflects on life after he retires from operating, and shares his observations of how NewYork-Presbyterian and Columbia have evolved in the decades since he began his residency. For more information visit nyp.org/Advances…
My AP Biology Thoughts
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Sisällön tarjoaa Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network. Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network tai sen podcast-alustan kumppani lataa ja toimittaa kaiken podcast-sisällön, mukaan lukien jaksot, grafiikat ja podcast-kuvaukset. Jos uskot jonkun käyttävän tekijänoikeudella suojattua teostasi ilman lupaasi, voit seurata tässä https://fi.player.fm/legal kuvattua prosessia.
The AP Biology Thoughts podcast is created by students for AP Biology students. At the end of each unit, students select topics to define, provide examples, and to make deeper connections to other units and the course.
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130 jaksoa
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Sisällön tarjoaa Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network. Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network tai sen podcast-alustan kumppani lataa ja toimittaa kaiken podcast-sisällön, mukaan lukien jaksot, grafiikat ja podcast-kuvaukset. Jos uskot jonkun käyttävän tekijänoikeudella suojattua teostasi ilman lupaasi, voit seurata tässä https://fi.player.fm/legal kuvattua prosessia.
The AP Biology Thoughts podcast is created by students for AP Biology students. At the end of each unit, students select topics to define, provide examples, and to make deeper connections to other units and the course.
…
continue reading
130 jaksoa
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×My AP Biology Thoughts Unit #: 8- Disruptions to Ecosystems --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EPISODE TITLE: Single Use Plastics Jaiden: Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Jaiden, Adam, and Reena and we are your hosts for this episode called Unit 8, Human Stupidity and Single Use Plastics. Today we will be discussing how single use plastics cause disruptions to the ecosystem and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. The Podcast will be broken up into three segments. The first segment will show the general overview of single-use plastics and the second segment will show how these plastics impact the environment and why it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Finally, segment three will discuss how we can contribute and reduce single use plastics. Segment 1: Overview of Topic Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Americans generated 35.7 million tons of plastic in the United States. Single use plastics are plastics that are used for a brief period of time, before they are thrown away. These include plastic straws, spoons, bottles, and bags Microplastics are extremely small pieces of plastic debris. They are generally about five millimeters, or approximately the diameter an eraser on a #2 pencils, in length to be considered microplastics Segment 2: Just how much harm is plastic causing Some plastics such as Chlorinated plastics is harmful for the soil around it along with water sources making it harder for organisms to grow It takes 1,000 years for a plastic bag to degrade in a landfill. However, the plastic does not degrade completely but instead becomes microplastics that absorb toxins and continue to pollute the environment. An estimated 13 million plastic tons are thrown into the ocean each These small plastic particles may harm our health once they have entered our bodies. Plastic products contain chemical additives. A number of these chemicals have been associated with serious health problems such as hormone-related cancers, infertility and neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism. There are now 5.25 trillion macro and micro pieces, weighing up to 269,000 tonnes. This is because every day, around 8 million pieces of plastic make their way into our oceans. Unlike some other kinds of waste, plastic doesn't decompose. That means plastic can stick around indefinitely, wreaking havoc on marine ecosystems. Some plastics float once they enter the ocean, though not all do. Thousands of seabirds and sea turtles, seals and other marine mammals are killed each year after ingesting plastic or getting entangled in it. Endangered wildlife like Hawaiian monk seals and Pacific loggerhead sea turtles are among nearly 700 species that eat and get caught in plastic litter. Segment 2: Connection to the Course This is related to fitness and the survival rate of organisms since the plastic decreases the survival rate of most organisms. This also connects to ecosystems and how plastic interrupts them by harming members of the ecosystem. The harm of organisms can impact the biodiversity of an organism which is our current unit. Climate change reduces the biodiversity of an ecosystem by causing some animals, who can’t adapt to the changing temperatures to become extinct, impacting the entire food web. Segment 3: Plastic bag debate The debate on manufacturing of plastic bags. The current plastic bag has 75% less plastic than it did 20 years ago largely due to climate concerns. However this makes the plastic bags less durable and unlike 20 years ago plastic bags are no longer able to be reused. According to the federal government 2/3rds of the plastic bags from grocery stores are being used. So would it be better to produce plastic bags with more plastic in order for them to be reused or try to minimize the plastic needed for the bags to function. Plastic bags banned in New Jersey (May 4th 2022) Most plastic waste into the ocean isn’t caused by just the United States. An estimated 80% of ocean plastic waste is caused by Asia from their rapid urbanization. This can cause plastic waste to be related to foreign policy and how other countries can influence the environmental impact of other nations. The United States is the next biggest culprit but has improved in recent years. Alternate solutions. Examples include: Reusable bags, paper/polylactic acid (these two are biggest alternative material), community service. Reena: Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Remember: Do something drastic and cut the plastc! Don’t forget to Subscribe to our Podcast and our YouTube channel along with Connect with us on Twitter (@thehvspn) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources: Link 1 , Link 2 , Link 3 , Link 4 , Link 5 , Link 6 , Link 7 . Link 8 . Link 9 Music Credits: (either stated at end of video or written) "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit #: 8 EPISODE TITLE: Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Ramit Dasika, Flavio D’Attilio, Samy Leroux, Landon Schafer, Colin Fahmy and we are hosting this episode called Unit 8 Ecology AND Today we will be discussing The war between Ukraine and Russia has caused mass destruction to many ecosystems through bombings and other weaponry and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of Topic War The war between Ukraine and Russia has caused mass destruction to many ecosystems through bombings and other weaponry Segment 2: Evidence that supports It causes forest fires- Samy During the process of runoff, the harmful chemicals are collected in rivers nearby. This causes the water sources contaminated due to chemical leakage from destroyed industrial plants-Ramit During the Russia-Ukrainian War, the Russian soldiers damaged and looted fire engines, computers, and radiation monitoring equipment, while leaving mines and munitions spread across the exclusion zone.-Flavio “In the Donbas region, wrecked sewage works gush their contents into rivers and damaged pipelines fill wetlands with oil.”- Landon “ Most of the exclusion zone was damaged by the invasion and may be contaminated with unexploded ordnance and mines,” according to Oleksandr Galushchenko, director of the biosphere reserve. The larger mammals that constantly move around the reserve – wolves, deer, brown bears, lynx, elk, and recently reintroduced bison – are at particular risk, he says. ”-Samy “ The forests in the zone remain a radioactive tinderbox that, in the event of fires, could send radioactive isotopes on the winds towards Kyiv. The risks of that happening are now much greater, says the UNCG’s forest campaigner Yehor Hrynyk. With fire-fighting equipment looted and much of the exclusion zone dangerous for firefighters to enter, some 65,000 acres has burned since the invasion, and fires continue to smolder in underground peat.”-Colin “Many industrial plants are damaged or abandoned;wrecked sewage works gush their contents into rivers; damaged pipelines are filling wetlands with oil; and toxic military scrap is spread across the land.”- Flavio “A particular concern is the many coal mines abandoned after 2014. With pumping of water halted, they have so far released some 650,000 acre-feet of polluted mine water into the environment, according to Serhii Ivaniuta of the National Institute for Strategic Studies in Kyiv.”- Landon Russian bombardment of a steel plant could have released tens of thousands of tons of hydrogen 5sulfide into the Sea of Azov.- Samy As a result of the damage from the war, Environmentalists say that in looking to recovery, the Ukrainian government is prioritizing big projects over natural restoration. The government is looking for maintaining power in the government and becoming a global leader. The nations are forgetting about the ecological damage.- Ramit Segment 3: Connection to the Course Pollution in the environment could cause microorganisms to die, which could subsequently cause a trophic cascade in which producers die off causing other higher tr213ophic levels to drop in population as well.- Flavio Nuclear power plants being targeted; can cause climate change which kills ectotherms “The biodiversity is being drastically affected due to intense deforestation and habitat destruction with potential implications for wildlife.”- Landon “The ecosystem services supplied will likely be strongly damaged since deforestation will decrease the capacity of the ecosystems to regulate air pollution or climate. Soil degradation will hamper food production, and landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage and social cohesion destruction drastically affects cultural services.”- Colin https://time.com/6222865/ukraine-environmental-damage-russia/ https://e360.yale.edu/features/ukraine-russia-war-environmental-impact#:~:text=Early%20on%2C%20Russia%20invaded%20the,the%20plant%20in%20recent%20weeks . Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . (Enter your closing Tag-line)! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ice spice (That Landon a munch) Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Marine Life on the Catalina Coast Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Sofia, Addie, Gillie, and Diana, and we are your hosts for the episode called Unit 8 Ecology- Marine Life on the Catalina Coast. Today we will be discussing Marine Life on the Beautiful Catalina Coast and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. We want to thank our sources for the information presented in this podcast episode today which you can find the citations and links to these sources in the show notes. Segment 1: Overview of Catalina Coast Have you ever heard of the film Step Brothers? Perhaps… the Catalina Wine Mixer? While this is a great film in movie history, it does not correctly portray the true biodiversity of the Catalina Coast. Now that you’re speaking about it, I remember looking up the Catalina Coast a while back and getting really intrigued by all of the stuff I was finding. I went down a rabbit hole for like three hours. I didn’t even know there was that much to look at. I might have to plan a vacation there. I’m not going to lie I tend to stay away from the water because to quote Raven “I can’t swim” And not to mention all the animals…. The ocean is a mystery that I do not wanna explore But nonetheless, here we are today learning about the insane vastness of biodiversity The Catalina Coast is located 23 miles off the coast of Southern California. If you’re taking a helicopter, you can get to the Catalina islands in 15 minutes. It is a part of the Channel Islands archipelago and is one of the four southern channel islands Segment 2: Evidence that supports Marine Life on the Catalina Coast Catalina Coast is the home of the Blue Cavern Onshore State Marine Conservation Area If I remember correctly, Katy Perry says, “nothing comes close to the (I’m sure) Blue Cavern Onshore State Marine Conservation Coast”, and that includes humans, as it is a conservation For the record, Sofia is not remembering this line correctly, but the idea is there. More than 60 endemic species… meaning they are only found in the Catalina Coast region Conservationists are working to preserve these endemic species to maintain the genetic diversity of this region Ensuring that each species can adapt to environmental factors Since Sofia wanted to quote Katy Perry, I’ll quote a super underground artist that you guys definitely wouldn’t know…. They’re called the Four Preps…… They sang a song called 26 miles (Santa Catalina) So anyway, they talk about how it's only 26 miles from Cali baby and it's full of romance. There are several types of species on Catalina Island. This includes different types of seals, such as the Phoca vitulina, or the harbor seal. The island also includes different types of snakes, lizards, frogs, and more. My favorite sea animal is the sea lion. Does the Catalina Coast have those too? Of course they do! The California Seal Lion, or the Zalophus Californianus, are one of the many species included in the Catalina Coast’s environment. Segment 3: Connection to the Course 8.6 biodiversity The biological variety and variability of life in a given ecosystem Since the Catalina Coast is home to so many species, it indicates that there is a lot of biodiversities The high level of biodiversity makes it so that the organisms can better respond to changes in their environment Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Cheers to the Catalina Coast!!!!! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn Sources: https://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=news&p=article_357 (Catalina Conservancy) https://www.lovecatalina.com/blog/post/sea-eight-things-know-catalina-underwater/ (Love Catalina Blog) https://www.catalinaconservancy.org/index.php?s=wildlife&p=animal_species https://fiveable.me/ap-bio/unit-8/biodiversity/study-guide/UQxfkl91v4pCcoar2qMD (Fiveable Study Guide) https://www.lovecatalina.com/island-info/catalina-island/where-is-catalina-island/ https://www.amnh.org/research/center-for-biodiversity--conservation/what-is-biodiversity (AMNH Research Article) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dPaeUGrmdA (26 miles, The four preps)…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Disappearance of Costa Rican Leatherback Sea Turtles Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Beth Hooks, Emilie Sawicki, and Nick Bailey, and we are your hosts for episode # called Unit 8 Ecology-Costa Rican Leatherback Sea Turtles. Today we will be discussing the disappearance of Costa Rican Leatherback Sea Turtles and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of Costa Rican Leatherback Sea Turtles Disappearing Leatherback sea turtles are one of the most ancient reptiles, as well as the most endangered sea turtles. Their habitat spans from the North Atlantic to the south pacific. Their lifespan is estimated to be 50 years or more. They feed on open ocean prey such as jellyfish and salps (NOAA.org). Their nesting beaches are generally located in tropical latitudes, especially in Trinidad and Tobaago, the West-Indies, Gabon, Costa Rica, and on the Pacific coast of Mexico (NOAA.org). The greatest threats worldwide are incidental capture in fishing gear, hunting of turtles, and collection of eggs for human consumption. Climate change, loss and degradation of nesting and foraging habitat, ocean pollution, and vessel strikes also pose a threat to the population (NOAA.org). The Leatherback Sea Turtles are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (NOAA.org). Segment 2: Evidence that supports Costa Rican Leatherback Sea Turtles Disappearing The turtles have had a 40% mortality rate in the returning adult population over the last 8 years. This data was obtained by fitting turtles with satellite transmitters and following their migration. Many disappear, and it is believed that mostly because they get stuck in fishing lines (World Turtle Trust). Projects that monitor nesting sites conduct nightly census work and fit nesting turtles with Passive Integrated Transponders. Projects that protect nests from poachers attempt to maximize the number of hatchlings that survive (World Turtle Trust). Segment 3: Connection to the Course The jellyfish population is increasing due to rising global temperatures. This suggests that energy sources are not the problem. The population curve of a predator generally follows the population curve of their prey, so if the jellyfish population increases, this means that the turtle population should increase. However, since so much ocean pollution is present in the form of plastic bags and turtles often mistake them for jellyfish, the jellyfish population may be increasing due to less predation (Lamb, 2017). Climate change has caused new predators to migrate to places where sea turtles are. This has begun to cause a trophic cascade in some environments that affects the phosphorus content of the sea grass (BurkHolder, Heithaus, Fourqurean, Wirsing, Dill, 2013). Additionally, the migration of these turtles is an innate behavior. An innate behavior is a behavior that's genetically hardwired in an organism and can be performed in response to a cue without prior experience At this point, the leatherback turtles have great opportunity to increase as a population, but due to density independent factors, which are unrelated to the size of the population, their population is unable to increase and move towards their carrying capacity. Some examples include human interference, climate change, and natural disasters. So, as the population continues to decrease, these factors will continue to be detrimental towards the population and the sea turtles will have a greater risk of becoming extinct. And finally, the disappearance of the Costa Rican Leatherback Sea Turtles is just another reminder of the detrimental impact that humans have on the earth and the environments on it. Our footprint is impacting so many ecosystems, environments, and species, and causing many of them to become endangered and even extinct. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Birds of Paradise Mating Rituals Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Xavier and I am with Celine and Sofie and we are your hosts for Unit 8 Ecology-Birds of Paradise Mating Rituals. Today we will be discussing Birds of Paradise Mating Rituals and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. We want to thank our sources for the information presented in this podcast episode today which include National geographic and BBC Earth. You can find the citations and links to these sources in the show notes. Segment 1: Overview of Bird The birds of paradise are some of the most fascinating birds in the world, from their wide range of behaviors and striking coloration of the males, I would love to ask you some specific questions about them. I have looked over many different species and their behavior, but I am particularly interested in the elaborate mating displays performed by male birds of paradise. Of course, let me begin with a bit of background on the species. Birds of paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae (Para-dice-see-a-die), which researchers think evolved on the island of New Guinea. The family is comprised of 43 species, most found on the island of New Guinea. Two species are found only in the Moluccan Islands to the west of New Guinea, and four others are found mainly in northeastern Australia. The family of birds includes astrapias, manucodes, paradisaeas, parotias, riflebirds, and sicklebills. Segment 2: Evidence that supports Animal Behavior within the Birds of Paradise I know many species of birds are sexually dimorphic but what does this mean for the bird-of-paradise Yes, this means the males and females have different appearances. So the males have elaborate feather patterns that they use in their mating displays while the females of these species have a more dull and camouflaged appearance So while the females are watching the Males perform these displays what is their key concern when choosing which male to mate with? The female choice appears to be based on the vigor of the males’ display meaning their physical strength and health. Which can be seen in the condition and color of his feathers. So the female chooses a vigorous mate, ensuring that her offspring will also be relatively healthy. Exactly, the strongest, most brightly-feathered males have a better chance of attracting the females, while less attractive males may be overlooked. I was most interested in a species of male Superb bird-of-paradise with their dark black cape feathers and almost like a “psychedelic smiley face.” The way he snaps his tail rhythmically slowly, flashing a breastplate of iridescent like feathers. I’m sure the female’s prefer their beautiful feathers. Like I had mentioned it really depends on what the female wants to pass on to her children. This is their key concern when mating. Impressive as it is, the male’s beauty is impractical. Excessively long tail feathers might be great for attracting mates, but they aren’t exactly useful for survival. In fact, it’s easy to see how they might be a hindrance. So how did these features evolve seen as the males need them for mating but doesn’t survival play a role? Well, when resources are plentiful and there are few predators, females don’t need the males to defend them, provide food, or help raise young. They can be picky when it comes to choosing a mate which leaves the males to work hard to impress the females. This is why sexual selection is so relevant in the bird-of-paradise Segment 3: Connection to the Course Now you may be thinking to yourself, how does this relate to the AP Bio Curriculum Well...the birds of paradise mating ritual is a great example of courtship behavior This is a behavior that results in reproduction, and in this case specifically through the visual and auditory stimuli that birds provide to the females This behavior is innate meaning the animals don’t need to learn it, it just comes through genetics Tieing back to the evolution unit as well, the elaborate plumage of the males is thought to have evolved through the evolutionary process of sexual selection Sexual selection can be shown by the females choosing mates on the basis of their desirable behavioral and anatomic traits, including color. After mating, the female returns to her nest and raises her offspring alone Darwin’s theory of sexual selection suggests that traits can also evolve in a population if they improve an individual’s ability to attract more or better mates, even if those same traits are a detriment to survival in the long term. If natural selection explains evolution driven by the competition for survival, then sexual selection explains evolution driven by the competition for mates. This island has very few natural predators paving way for a specific type of sexual selection known as “female choice” Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Source Credits: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/birds-paradise-beauty-kings/12th-grade/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWfyw51DQfU Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: South African Rhino Poaching Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Keenan Wallace and I am your host for this episode called Unit 8 Ecology-Threatened Rhinos in South Africa. Today we will be discussing South African Rhino Poaching and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of Rhino Poaching numbers poached rising in recent years: 13 Rhinos poached in 2007, peaked in 2015 1175 Rhinos killed in south africa in 2015 (more than 3 a day), number poached has since declined with 394 killed in 2020 Rhino population has decreased from 1 million in the 1800s to only 27,000 in the wild today. Rhinos are a keystone species: They play an integral role in their ecosystem and many other species in the ecosystem depend on their presence Segment 2: Evidence that supports dangers of rhino poaching Rhinos are so large that they actually Geo-form: change the land around them Rhinos often wallow in mud to keep cool and ward off insects. This helps maintain waterholes When the rhinos get out they track the fertile, nutrient rich soil that accumulates in waterholes far and wide, distributing the nutrients. Rhino dung supports other species and food chains Rhino dung fertilizes soil Dung beetles lay their eggs in rhino dung, which also supports species that eat the beetle larvae A number of bird species rely on Rhino dung for insects and seeds. Rhinos support fly and tick species as well as animals that eat them, like terrapins (a kind of turtle) and oxpeckers (the iconic symbiotic relationship) Keep grass short, allowing plant species that can’t survive among long grass to thrive. Segment 3: Connection to the Course Without rhinos, all of these roles would be left unfilled and with its foundation gone the ecosystems would begin to collapse. (keystone species) When you hear about rhino conservation, this is why it matters. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn Sources: “Vanishing Rhinos - The Impact of Rhino Poaching on the South African Ecosystem. (n.d.). The Scientista Foundation.” The Scientista Foundation, http://www.scientistafoundation.com/lifestyle-blog/-vanishing-rhinos-the-impact-of-rhino-poaching-on-the-south-african-ecosystem. Accessed 1 Dec. 2021. “Poaching Numbers | Conservation | Save the Rhino International.” Save The Rhino, https://www.facebook.com/savetherhinointernational/, https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino-info/poaching-stats/. Accessed 1 Dec. 2021. “Why Are Rhinos Important for Ecosystems? - Africa Geographic.” Africa Geographic, https://www.facebook.com/Africa.Geographic, 25 May 2020, https://africageographic.com/stories/why-are-rhinos-important-for-ecosystems/.…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Pacific Garbage Patch and Its Impacts on Wildlife Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Angelina and my name is Emily and we are your hosts for the Unit 8 Ecology podcast on the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and Its Impacts on Wildlife. Today we will be discussing the Garbage Patch’s harmful effects on aquatic life and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ Segment 1: Overview of Pacific Garbage Patch and Its Impacts on Wildlife Background info: The patch is a vortex of plastic waste and debris which is very calm and stable but surrounded by four currents that sweep debris into the center Two distinct collections of debris, the Western and Eastern Garbage Patches Pacific: Garbage is spun and linked together by the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone, where warm water ( South ) meets cool water ( Arctic ) Much of the debris is not biodegradable and has taken a significant toll on the aquatic wildlife Most of the debris is plastic, which is not biodegradable but rather breaks down into microplastic particles Segment 2: Evidence that supports how the Patch Harms Wildlife https://theoceancleanup.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ According to National Geographic, oceanographers and ecologists discovered that about 70% of marine debris sinks to the ocean floor, so the patch may also be an underwater heap of trash Marine debris is known to be harmful to wildlife Ex: Loggerhead sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish Ex: Albatrosses mistake plastic pellets for eggs and feed them to their chicks, which then die of starvation or ruptured organs Ex: Seals and other animals get entangled in abandoned nets and other waste hear about turtles a lot because of many companies movements to stop using straws, but we dont always hear about the other species being affected so it is definitely important to learn about these organisms as well BIG ONE: Marine debris can disturb marine food webs As microplastics collect near the ocean’s surface, they block sunlight which prevents plankton and algae to grow Many organisms depend on these producers for food Since they are at the foundational levels of the food web, when they are negatively impacted, the whole web is as well Segment 3: Connection to the Course Energy flow: Affects all wildlife (trophic structure) Kills species, leaving less energy in ecosystem If organisms consume garbage, the organisms feeding on them will be indirectly feeding on garbage Bioaccumulation Impacts humans as well We should all do little things to help the environment Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: The Isle of Wolves Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Olivia, Anushka, Mea, and Hana and we are your hosts for the Unit 8 Ecology-the Isle Royale Study podcast. Today we will be discussing the Isle Royale Study and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of the Isle Royale Study Camping —> DOCTAH guise —-> isle royale —-> us listening to him talk :) Segment 2: Evidence that supports the Isle Royale Study Winter controls the ticks (kills them all if cold temperature) Provide ex of trophic cascading Predator prey talk abt it Human interaction/interference (trails, being on/off) Coloring of the wolves Talk abt winter study (break island into quadrants and take populations #’s) Segment 3: Connection to the Course Predator-prey relationship: Trophic structure: a flow of energy between organisms in an ecosystem Energy flow Parasitic Importance of genetic diversity Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Chimps in Uganda Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is kyle along with my handsome cohosts Shrithik, saahtih and gabe and we are your hosts for this episode , Unit 8 Ecology-Chimps in Uganda. Today we will be discussing Chimps and how they relate to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of CHIMPS Chimps in Uganda 98% share dna with humans They move around and live in communities of individuals similar to humans Don't travel in groups like gorillas or other monkeys Around 1500 chimps in uganda live in 13 different communities inside the khabale forest with 5000 total in the country Type 1 survivorship rate K-selected species Segment 2: Evidence that supports CHIMPS “You can also track chimps in Kyambura Gorge, Kalinzu Forest, Budongo Forest and in the Semliki Valley. Most of our Uganda holidays focus on Kibale, which has a very high success rate for sightings, and the atmospheric Kyambura Gorge in Queen Elizabeth National Park, where sightings are less certain but the scenery is spectacular.” People have the hobby of following the chimps Watching these communities shows the similarities of our survivorship and how they are K selected - K selected mean long term babies taking care of infants Type 1 species Population growth (exponential vs logarithmic) Natural limiting factors of population - Habitat loss, leopards How human activity affects chimp population - Hunting for bushmeat, pet trade and poaching and deforestation Segment 3: Connection to the Course These chimps relate to topic 8.3, population ecology in the AP biology curriculum. The chimps provide an example of organisms changing in order to respond to their environment as they have opposable thumbs like humans in order to help grasp and climb trees which indirectly helps them obtain energy The fact that the chimps have large group sizes, small body sizes and dietary flexibility increases their adaptive capacity to contribute to the success of their population in their habitat. The chimps eat figs, fruits, nuts, insects and even bark Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. And another thanks to our sources, lonely plant.com, responsible travel, and worldwildlife.com. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . And that's all folks and remember keep yo pimps close keep your chimps closer. Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Conservation of Bees Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Alex, here with Raelynn and Samiyah and we are your hosts for today’s episode, coming from Unit 8 - our Ecology unit. Today we will be discussing bee conservation. Why are bees important to the environment? According to the US Department of Agriculture: “One out of every three bites of food in the United States depends on honey bees and other pollinators. Honey bees pollinate $15 billion worth of crops each year, including more than 130 fruits and vegetables. Managed honey bees are important to American agriculture because they pollinate a wide variety of crops, contributing to food diversity, security and profitability.” Pollinators - support plant populations Food crops as well as wild plants Why are bee populations declining? “Declines in bumble bee species in the past 60 years are well documented in Europe, where they are driven primarily by habitat loss and declines in floral abundance and diversity resulting from agricultural intensification.” (According to researchers from the University of Stirling) loss of habitats because of farming + urbanization Habitat fragmentation can impact surviving populations through genetic isolation (which causes inbreeding and makes population less genetically diverse, making them more susceptible to diseases) University of London (an issue of Apidologie): habitat loss is the “most universal and high impact factor driving bee declines.” https://www.ehn.org/monoculture-farming-is-not-good-for-the-bees-study-2639154525.html https://abcnews.go.com/International/monoculture-farming-modern-day-agriculture-killing-bees-scientists/story?id=80536659 Climate Change University of London (an issue of Apidologie): Change in temperature and weather patterns due to climate change can significantly impact bee populations Additionally, loss of habitat due to rising sea levels can also cause negative impacts stats University of Maryland : October 2018 - April 2019: 40% of honey bee colonies in US died Many other insect populations in decline, evidence of a possible 6th mass extinction (“ biological annihilation ”) Pesticide use massively impacting bee populations and reproductive rates 44% fewer offspring in bee populations affected by pesticides in both youth and adulthood, according to scientists at the University of California These pesticides (neonicotinoids), while banned in many wealthier countries, are still used in and exported to low and middle income countries Varroa mite Colony Collapse Disorder Bee conservation attempts: Researcher Winfree from Rutgers University Formal protection of threatened species - according to data an approximated 95,000 insects in general are in risk of extinction, however only 771 have been evaluated for candidacy on the global Red List. No bee species is listed under the US Endangered Species Act, even though many species are known to be rare and declining at a steep rate. An important step for the conservation of bees requires them to be identified as organisms that require protection The National Resources Conservation Service, an agency that operates under the United States’ Department of Agriculture, has begun working with “agricultural producers to combat future declines by helping them to implement conservation practices that provide forage for honey bees while enhancing habitat for other pollinators and wildlife and improving the quality of water, air and soil.” Some of these measures include planting cover crops, wildflowers, and native grasses, along with improving management of grazing lands. University of Nevada : researchers identified a disease (American foulbrood (AFB)) that affects honeybees. In order to protect the bees, researchers have found a virus that attacks the disease and have successfully lowered AFB levels. Connection to the course: Trophic cascades - no bees = plant species dying off Keystone species Harder to farm reliably without pollinators Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com ! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn Sources: Bees . National Wildlife Federation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Bees. Brown, M. J. F., & Paxton, R. J. (n.d.). The conservation of bees: A global perspective - Apidologie . SpringerLink. Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051/apido/2009019. Goulson, D., Lye, G. C., & Darvill, B. (2008). Decline and conservation of Bumble Bees. Annual Review of Entomology , 53 (1), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093454 Guardian News and Media. (2021, November 18). Bee-harming pesticides exported from EU despite ban on outdoor use . The Guardian. Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/18/bee-harming-pesticides-exported-from-eu-after-ban-on-outdoor-use. Kate Baggaley | Published Nov 23, bees pesticides Pollinators Science, Bees, Pesticides, Pollinators, & Science. (2021, November 22). Pesticides leave a lasting mark on pollinating bees . Popular Science. Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://www.popsci.com/science/bees-pesticide-fertility/. Ramaswamy, P. by D. S., & T, G. (2017, February 21). Reversing pollinator decline is key to feeding the future . USDA. Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2016/06/24/reversing-pollinator-decline-key-feeding-future. UMDRightNow. (n.d.). US beekeepers lost over 40% of colonies last year, highest winter losses ever recorded . EurekAlert! Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/612063. Winfree, R. (n.d.). The conservation and restoration of wild bees. https://doi.org/10.1111/(issn)1749-6632 Woodward, A. (2019, June 21). Last year, 40% of honey-bee colonies in the US died. but bees aren't the only insects disappearing in unprecedented numbers. Business Insider. Retrieved December 8, 2021, from https://www.businessinsider.com/insects-dying-off-sign-of-6th-mass-extinction-2019-2.…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 7 Natural Selection EPISODE TITLE: Butterflies and Parasites Anushka Agarwal, Olivia Lundquist, & Hana Hamid Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Anushka, Olivia, and Hana and we are your hosts for Unit 7: Examples of Evolution-Butterflies and parasites. In episode 114, we will be discussing Butterflies and parasites and how they relate to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of Butterflies and Parasites To start off, what is evolution? Evolution is the process by which different organisms develop from their ancestors to adapt to the environment they are living in. This idea was proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how species have the ability to evolve. We can look at the Blue Moon butterflies for examples and how they adapted to their environment to protect themselves from the killing parasite. The Blue Moon Butterfly, or Hypolimnas bolina, is an eggfly commonly found in New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, Solomons, etc. The blue moon butterfly’s mating season is normally in the spring and summer. Their name is derived from the 2 bright circular patches on the backs of the males. Natural selection occurring between the butterflies and parasites is an example of evolution happening in real time. This is because scientists discovered that the bluemoon butterflies developed resistance in a span of 10 generations (which lasted a year). Additionally, the peppered moth is a species of a night-flying moth which is most commonly found in the northern hemisphere in countries such as Europe, Asia, and North America. They are generally small moths (only 1.5-2.5 inches) and their eggs normally hatch during mid summer. While some moths are typically light in color, many have dark skins and normally have extra camouflage to protect them from their predators (which includes flycatchers, nuthatches, and European robin). We can see a difference in the colors of the peppered moth due to the Industrial Revolution marked an era of industrial change in Europe and the United States from 1760-1840, which affected not only economy but the environment as well. Segment 2: Evidence that supports Evolution of Butterflies and Parasites mutation the changing of a structure of a gene that may result in a variant form → can have impact bc it has the potential of getting passed down that leads to evolution mutation: males can survive the infection of parasite that kills male embryos normally they cant(mutation allowed for them to live and complete term/live) Natural selection (blue moon butterflies) Since the parasites normally targeted male blue moon butterflies, their population was a staggering 1%. However, because these butterflies obtained immunity from the parasite, their population bounced back to 40% in less than a year! natural selection the process of adaptation of a species in order to survive. It is caused by environmental factors. before industrial revolution: moths were white 2% were black after industrial revolution: moths were black 5% were white not eaten as frequently after revolution when dark bc they blended better with the environment artificial bc the environment changed, causing the need to adapt, bc of humans and factories How peppered moths can be considered natural selection before industrial revolution: moths were white 2% were black after industrial revolution: moths were black 5% were white How did this happen( factories were being built during the industrial revolution and burning coal for fuel helped them run, resulting in a dark smoke to cover the area Moths pass their color to the next generation ( a mutation in the DNA of a single moth caused the mutation to pass on to other moths) Dark moths started to live in dark forests (aided them in camouflage from predators) Segment 3: Connection to the Course AP Biology has a strong focus on evolution because it is crucial to learn about the interconnectedness of all living things on Earth to understand the advances that have been made in biology. Discoveries could only be made once evolution was accepted as scientific fact because it explains how life on Earth is the same and also very different than it was millions of years ago. More specifically, understanding evolution helps us to predict the geno and phenotypes of future generations, and explain how diseases are passed down. Also, understanding random mutation in butterflies can help us identify how butterflies have changed and evolved to survive- evolution is not goal driven, mutation creates variation which then can be acted upon by natural selection. And although humans are not intentionally choosing traits in natural selection, they may be impacted by the changes to species as a result of natural selection that occur around them. **We can talk about the difference between natural selection and artificial selection (ribecca was saying this in class) Artificial selection is humans intentionally selecting for traits Natural selection is where changes are made naturally whereas artificial selection is where changes are made when humans intervene. In the case of the peppered moths, the industrial revolution wasn’t purposely trying to change the moth population and although it was humans causing the revolution, it was because of the environment that the peppered moths were changing in color and, therefore, natural selection was occurring. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 7 Natural Selection EPISODE TITLE: Babiana ringens Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Raelynn and my name is Samiyah and we are your hosts for Unit 7: Examples of Evolution - Plants and Birds. In episode 118, we will be discussing the plant Babiana ringens and how it has evolved to attract sunbirds. Segment 1: Overview of Babiana ringens and evolution to attract birds The Babiana ringens plant in South Africa evolved in such a way that increases the chance of Nectarine famosa , or the malachite sunbird - their main pollinators- to stop by and drink nectar out of their flowers. In the certain region that these plants reside, most sunbirds avoid predators by staying away from the ground- as such, the Babiana ringens evolved to create a small perch, making it easier for birds to drink their nectar, and thus pollinate them, which in turn increased their evolutionary fitness. Segment 2: Evidence that supports the evolution of Babiana ringens to attract pollinators Through a study conducted by botanist Spencer Barrett from the University of Toronto Canada, along with a team of researchers, they found that the sunbirds in the specific region of South Africa in which the plants with the perches reside used the perches to pollinate the plants, and were their main pollinators. They went on to study other Babiana ringens plants across South Africa and found that they didn’t have the perches, and after studying them for some time, realized that their main pollinators weren’t the sunbirds that require the perches to make pollination easier. As such, the perch was an adaptation to the environmental pressures (of their main pollinators having been sunbirds). Segment 3: Connection to the Course The interactions between Babiana ringens and sunbirds demonstrate the concept of evolution and natural selection. The flowers with the perch were more “fit” for the environment since it encouraged the birds to perch on them and pollinate the flower. As a result, the Babiana ringens with the genes for the perch were able to both outlive and outpopulate those without perches. Over time, the gene for flowers without this stem faded away from the gene pool, and it became characteristic of Babiana ringens to have upside-down flowers. Introduction Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Raelynn and my name is Samiyah and we are your hosts for this episode on Plants and Birds. Today we will be discussing Babiana ringens - a flower that has evolved to grow upside down to attract sunbirds, with data from BBC, nerdfighteria , and the National Center for Biotechnology Information. We would also like to thank Botanist Spencer Barett from the University of Toronto and his team of researchers for their findings on this subject! Quick Overview of Babiana Ringens Babiana ringens, also known as rat’s tail, is a plant native to Cape’s Province, South Africa. It is a bright red perennial plant that flowers during the winter seasons (because it’s a rebel). This plant is pollinated mostly by Nectarine famosa , or the malachite sunbird, which is named after its striking and vivid colors. Babiana ringens are known for their peculiar and unique shape. Unlike other plants, its stem dips downwards towards the ground while the flower remains right-side-up. How did this plant species evolve to grow this way, and what role did the malachite sunbirds play? Evolution of Babiana Ringens German botanist Rudolf Marloth was the first to note that the Babiana ringens had seemed to evolve some sort of perch at their bottoms. To explore this odd phenomenon, botanist Spencer Barett from the University of Toronto, along with a team of researchers, conducted extensive research to understand the history behind the unique perches characteristic of the Babiana ringens plants. They found that the plants in one specific geographic region only had one primary pollinator- the malachite sunbirds. The upside-down shape of the stem attracted sunbirds due to its efficient shape, which allowed the birds to land on the perch while simultaneously feeding on nectar. As a result, the Babiana ringens with the perches had a greater likelihood of being pollinated by the sunbirds, thus increasing their evolutionary fitness. The researchers continued their research by studying other Babiana ringens plants across South Africa in order to see if the trends were repeated in other locations. They found that while the Babiana ringens in the first location had perches, those in the other locations didn’t. After studying these plants for a period of time, the researchers noted that while the main pollinators of the plants in the first location were limited to the malachite sunbirds, the plants in the other locations had a greater variety of pollinators. Their study found that “ Sunbird visitation rates were positively correlated with perch length in the seven populations of B. ringens from which data on these parameters were collected” (see Table 1 and Fig. 4). As a result, they were able to conclude that the reason the plants in the other locations didn’t grow upside down with perches was because there simply weren’t any environmental pressures that they had to adapt to. In the case of the plants with the perches, they had to adapt to a limited selection of pollinators, and in doing so, evolved to grow upside down. Connection to the AP Bio Curriculum: These interactions between Babiana ringens and the malachite sunbirds demonstrate the concept of evolution and natural selection, from 7.1 and 7.2, in the AP Biology curriculum. The flowers with the perch possessed a greater fitness for the environment because its shape was more ideal for pollination. As a result, the Babiana ringens with the genes for the perch were able to both outlive and outpopulate those without perches. Over time, the gene for flowers without this stem faded away from the gene pool, and it became characteristic of Babiana ringens in certain areas to have upside-down flowers. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts! For more student-run podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Thank you! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Citations: B;, de Waal C;Barrett SC;Anderson. “The Effect of Mammalian Herbivory on Inflorescence Architecture in Ornithophilous Babiana (Iridaceae): Implications for the Evolution of a Bird Perch.” American Journal of Botany , U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22615309/. Carpenter, Jennifer. “Plant Has Evolved a Specialist Bird Perch.” BBC News , BBC, 6 Sept. 2011, www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-14788701. De Waal, Caroli, et al. “The Natural History of Pollination and Mating in Bird-Pollinated Babiana (Iridaceae).” Annals of Botany , Oxford University Press, Feb. 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278289/. “Nerdfighteria Wiki.” The Plant That Grows Perches for Birds , nerdfighteria.info/v/0g2XDm1t12g/. 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My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 7 Natural Selection EPISODE TITLE: The Evolution of Coywolves Keenan: Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Keenan Wallace and I am your host for this podcast. In episode 115, we will be discussing the topic of Coywolves and how they relate to the AP Biology Curriculum. Keenan: For this episode, we’ve brought in Alex Profit and Serena Russel to discuss the evolution of coywolves. So, to start us off: what exactly is a Coywolf? Alex: Well, ‘Coywolf’ is actually just a nickname for what is known to the scientific community as an eastern coyote. Eastern coyotes are hybrids of coyotes, wolves and dogs, however they are still primarily coyotes and remain as coyotes rather than wolves. Keenan: So you say that the Coywolves, or eastern coyotes are a mix of several different species. Do you know the genetic breakdown? Serena: It’s difficult to say for certain since the coyotes’ genetic makeup varies by region and population, but according to a DNA analysis done by Evolutionary Biologist Javier Monzón, they are 64% coyote, 13% gray wolf, 13% eastern wolf, and 10% dog. Keenan: Wow, that’s some genetic diversity. So how do these new hybrids differ from their pure coyote ancestors? Alex: For one thing, they’re larger. Eastern Coyotes are 35-37% larger than their western counterparts. They also have larger and more powerful heads, their ears are more rounded like a wolf’s and they have wolf-like fur markings. There’s lots of variation within and between populations, but coywolves' features tend to match the midpoint between coyotes and wolves. Keenan: Fascinating! So from what I understand, this interbreeding is a fairly recent development. What led to it? Serena: This story started several hundred years ago with the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. When Europeans colonized the East Coast of America they started cutting down forests and hunting large prey in the region, which threatened the habitat and food source of local grey wolves. At the same time, western coyotes, which are adapted to more open terrain, were drawn east by the expansion of their preferred habitat via deforestation. With shrinking numbers of grey wolves and a new thriving population of coyotes in the region, it makes sense that the wolves soon turned to coyotes as mating partners. Serena: From there, natural selection took over. With the right mix of coyote and wolf DNA, a new species was created that was the best of both worlds. These “coywolves,” as they are called, are larger than coyotes, but inherited the social nature of wolves, meaning they form packs to hunt, which allows them to hunt large animals like deer in addition to the small prey that coyotes usually feed on. On top of that, they possess the strong ability of coyotes to adapt to urban environments, and are comfortable in both open and forested environments. Keenan: I can see why this mixing would be beneficial, but is it considered evolution, or just hybridization? Serena: Both. Coywolves have certainly evolved, but they have done so through the process of hybridization. The Coywolf, or eastern coyote was created from a mix of different species, but has diverged enough from the parent species that many believe it should be treated a separate species, though no official decision has yet been made on this matter. Keenan: So coywolves aren’t considered a separate species? Serena: Not yet. Coywolves have only been around for a few hundred years and are still in the earlier stages of their development, but many believe that they deserve to be recognized as their own species and will be soon. Keenan: From what you’ve said, I’m sure it won’t be long before scientists acknowledge them. So you’ve told us all about the specifics of coywolves, but how does their development link into the larger picture of evolution that we discuss in AP Bio? Alex: Coywolves are, of course, only a very small part of evolutionary history. However, because their development is so recent they provide a good example of direct observation as proof of evolution, which is discussed in AP Bio Chapter 7.6. Keenan: And how do they exemplify direct observation of evolution? Serena: Because coywolves have come into existence over only the past few hundred years, we, as humans, can visibly see the evolution from their parent species, coyotes, wolves, and dogs, to the new species of coywolves. This provides firm, observable evidence that species do change over time and evolution is something that happens, and, one can easily infer, has in the past as well. Keenan: That’s all the time we have for today. Thank you Alex and Serena for taking the time to speak with us, and to our audience, Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . Facts for Thoughts References: The Genesis of âCoywolves:â A Story of Survival . (2015, December 9). Earthjustice. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://earthjustice.org/blog/2015-december/the-genesis-of-coywolves-a-story-of-survival Humphrey, B. (2021, April 20). Coydog, Coywolf, or Coyote? The 5 Things You Need to Know About Eastern Canids . Outdoor Life. Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://www.outdoorlife.com/story/hunting/eastern-coyote-facts/ Magazine, S. (2015, November 3). Coywolves are Taking Over Eastern North America . Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/coywolves-are-taking-over-eastern-north-america-180957141/ N. (2019, February 9). What is a ‘Coywolf?’ Wolf Conservation Center. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://nywolf.org/2017/12/what-is-a-coywolf/ Spider, I., & Spider, I. (2014, December 23). Coywolf: A Modern Species . The Infinite Spider. Retrieved October 9, 2021, from https://infinitespider.com/coywolf-modern-species/ Way, J. G. (2016, May 12). Why the eastern coyote should be a separate species: the ‘coywolf.’ The Conversation. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://theconversation.com/why-the-eastern-coyote-should-be-a-separate-species-the-coywolf-59214 Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 7 Natural Selection EPISODE TITLE: Antibiotic Resistance Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, I am Emily Greenberg and I am Angelina Graf and we will be your hosts for “Unit 7 Heredity: Examples of Evolution-antibiotic resistance”. In episode 113, we will be discussing antibiotic resistance and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of antibiotic resistance Antibiotics are drugs that fight infections that are caused by bacteria Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria and germs build up resistance to the medications that are meant to kill them Antibiotic resistant germs are often very difficult to treat and dangerous infections can emerge A common misconception is that antibiotic resistance means that the body is resisting antibiotics, however it is actually the bacteria that is becoming resistant to antibiotics Overuse of antibiotics is one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance Segment 2: Evidence that supports antibiotic resistance Antibiotics also kill good bacteria that help to protect the body from infection Antibiotic resistant germs can spread throughout healthcare facilities, the environment, and other communities. The action of an antibiotic is an environmental pressure Species have to adapt and evolve in order to survive these pressures We know that evolution is happening because bacterial infections can continue to spread even with the presence of antibiotics Penicillin resistance: In WWI, penicillin treatment was used to treat the wounded and by some smaller civilian populations Biochemists began reporting resistance to it before the war was over and found a penicillin-inactivating enzyme secreted from a particular bacteria. Over the next few decades, overuse and repeated exposure to antibiotics helped the selection and replication of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria Segment 3: Connection to the Course Antibiotic resistance evolves as a result of natural selection and genetic mutation Bacteria that develop mutations that are resistant to antibiotics are more likely to survive and reproduce; this means that they are more fit If resistant bacteria reproduce with other resistant bacteria, their offspring will be fully resistant and this trait will become more frequent in the gene pool Overall, antibiotic resistance is dangerous because bacteria can develop resistance to extremely high amounts of antibiotics in a short amount of time which would leave patients very difficult to treat It’s crucial to understand Antibiotic resistance to ensure that harmful antibiotic resistant bacteria don’t evolve faster than our ability to treat them Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . (Enter your closing Tag-line)! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn…
My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 7 Natural Selection EPISODE TITLE: The Threespine Stickleback Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Beth, Gillie, and Addie and we are your hosts for Unit 7: Examples of Evolution- The Threespine Stickleback. In episode 119, we will be discussing The Threespine Stickleback and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. Segment 1: Overview of Threespine Stickleback The Threespine stickleback fish live in the ocean and in lakes. The fish who live in the lake have been separated from the ocean sticklebacks for thousands of generations. Although there is a difference between ocean and lake sticklebacks, all freshwater sticklebacks can vary in shape and size depending on habitat. Scientists looked into the differences between lake and ocean sticklebacks by taking 50 fish from each population and comparing them. Segment 2: Evidence that supports Threespine Stickleback Freshwater sticklebacks and ocean sticklebacks have a number of different physical characteristics. For example, Ocean Sticklebacks are generally much larger. They also differ in body length, spine length (and number), fin shapes, number of lateral plates (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2017, August). The scientists observed that the average number of lateral plates for ocean sticklebacks was 33. On the other hand, the average number of lateral plates was 5 in the lake stickleback. Additionally, Michael Bell ran an experiment where he determined just how fast this evolution was occurring. He tracked the genes of stickleback fish in lakes in Alaska and determined the speed at which evolution occurred (in just a decade) (Robert Sanders, M. R., & Sanders, R., 2021, June 21). More interesting, however, is the fact that fish evolved convergently across the globe due to similar conditions, despite being isolated for decades (Shen, H., 2012, April 04). Segment 3: Connection to the Course The Threespine Stickleback demonstrates natural selection and adaptation in the environment, which directly relates to section 7.1 and 7.2. The data of how lake and ocean sticklebacks have adapted over time is a prime example of fitness. The environment of the lake and the ocean are different, and as a result, the lake stickleback has evolved to better suit this body of water. The evolution of the Threespine Sticklebacks caused by natural selection in different environments connects to 7.1 and 7.2. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit www.hvspn.com . See you next time! Music Credits: "Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Spotify Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspn References Genetic Science Learning Center. (2017, August 1) Meet the Threespine Stickleback. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/evolution/meet Robert Sanders, M. R., & Sanders, R. (2021, June 21). Stickleback fish provide genetic road map for rapid evolution. Retrieved from https://news.berkeley.edu/story_jump/stickleback-fish-provide-genetic-road-map-for-rapid-evolution/ Shen, H. (2012, April 04). Stickleback genomes reveal path of evolution. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2012.10392…
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