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Sisällön tarjoaa Richard Abels. Richard Abels tai sen podcast-alustan kumppani lataa ja toimittaa kaiken podcast-sisällön, mukaan lukien jaksot, grafiikat ja podcast-kuvaukset. Jos uskot jonkun käyttävän tekijänoikeudella suojattua teostasi ilman lupaasi, voit seurata tässä https://fi.player.fm/legal kuvattua prosessia.
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages
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Sisällön tarjoaa Richard Abels. Richard Abels tai sen podcast-alustan kumppani lataa ja toimittaa kaiken podcast-sisällön, mukaan lukien jaksot, grafiikat ja podcast-kuvaukset. Jos uskot jonkun käyttävän tekijänoikeudella suojattua teostasi ilman lupaasi, voit seurata tässä https://fi.player.fm/legal kuvattua prosessia.
Talking about popular conceptions of the Middle Ages and their historical realities. Join Richard Abels to learn about Vikings, knights and chivalry, movies set in the Middle Ages, and much more about the medieval world.
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Sisällön tarjoaa Richard Abels. Richard Abels tai sen podcast-alustan kumppani lataa ja toimittaa kaiken podcast-sisällön, mukaan lukien jaksot, grafiikat ja podcast-kuvaukset. Jos uskot jonkun käyttävän tekijänoikeudella suojattua teostasi ilman lupaasi, voit seurata tässä https://fi.player.fm/legal kuvattua prosessia.
Talking about popular conceptions of the Middle Ages and their historical realities. Join Richard Abels to learn about Vikings, knights and chivalry, movies set in the Middle Ages, and much more about the medieval world.
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×Send us a text I finally saw the movie "Conclave," an really enjoyed it. As probably you know, it is about the contentious election of a pope in a conclave of the college of cardinals. The movie, however, never explains what the word conclave actually means or how and why that papal electoral procedure began. This episode will remedy that omission. The intro music is from the Academy Awarded nominated overture to the movie "Conclave" by the composer Volker Bertelmann Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 From Bishop of Rome to the Papal Monarchy, Part 2: The Early Middle Ages 1:32:21
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Send us a text In this second episode of a three part series, my favorite cohost Ellen and I survey the development of the papacy from the eighth through the early eleventh century. Among the topics we discuss are who and what the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties of Francia were; Pope Zacharias' legitimization of Pepin the Short's deposition of a puppet Merovingian king and his elevation to the throne; the "donation of Pepin" that created the papal states; the "Donation of Constantine," forged in the papal chancery to justify the donation of Pepin; the partnership between Charlemagne and the papacy in reforming the Western Church; Pope Leo III's coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day, 800; and how the papacy was reduced once again to being the local bishops of Rome under the control of the Roman aristocracy in the tenth century after the collapse of the Carolingian empire. This is the period that historians see as the nadir of the institution that featured some memorably bad popes, though we conclude with a few good ones under the Ottonian emperors. This episode includes audio snippets Musician Ernst Stolz playing the pilgrims' song, "O Roma nobilis" on tenor vielle, recorder and gemshorn. From his YouTube channel "My Years with Early Music: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wf3_3065gmU) Gregorian Chant - Agnus Dei, posted by fgl music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YZI4cyBkvI Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 From Bishop of Rome to the Papal Monarchy: the early centuries 1:23:28
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Send us a text In this first episode of a three part series, my favorite cohost Ellen and I survey the development of the papacy over its first seven centuries. I have to confess that along the way I got somewhat off topic talking about the Roman persecution of the Christians. But it is an interesting subject in itself and worth exploring, and as 31 of the first 32 popes are venerated as martyrs--some with more reason than others--it seems relevant to a discussion of the first centuries of the papacy. In this episode Ellen and I also talk about Christological disputes that divided the early Church, the position of the bishop of Rome vis-à-vis other bishops, and the papacy's relationship with the Emperor Constantine and his successors. That's my way of saying that it turned out longer than I expected. But I hope that you'll listen and enjoy it. This episode includes musician Ernst Stolz playing the pilgrims' song, "O Roma nobilis" on tenor vielle, recorder and gemshorn. From his YouTube channel "My Years with Early Music: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wf3_3065gmU) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 El Cid, From History to Legend 1:03:34
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Send us a text In this episode I interview Professor Nora Berend of the University of Cambridge about her new book El Cid; The Life and Afterlife of a Medieval Mercenary (Pegasus Books, 2025). We discuss how the historical Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, a ruthless and ambitious mercenary who served both Christian and Muslim rulers in the violent and chaotic political world of late eleventh-century Iberia was transformed into the national hero of Francoist Spain and the hero of the 1961 movie starring Charlton Heston. This episode includes the audio track from the theatrical trailer to the 1961 movie "El Cid", starring Charlton Heston and Sophia Loren, and directed by Anthony Mann Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 Tne Norman Conquest (with Dr. Jennifer Paxton), part 2 1:01:42
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Send us a text This is the second of our two part series on the Norman Conquest. In it Jenny and I discuss the military challenges faced by King Harold Godwinson and Duke William of Normandy and the battles of Fulford Gate and Stamford Bridge, before turning to look closely at the Battle of Hastings (which did not actually take place at Hastings). I hope you will join us. There is a host of books on the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest, both academic and popular. I would glad to recommend some. Feel free to email me. Meanwhile, I'd recommend a couple of good collections of primary and secondary sources: Stephen Morillo, ed., The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations (The Boydell Press, 1996). R. Allen Brown, ed., The Norman Conquest. Documents of Medieval History 5 (Edward Arnold, 1984). The magazine "Medieval Warfare" devoted a special edition in 2017 to "1066: The Battle of Hastings." I highly recommend it for those interested in the military aspects of the battle. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 The Norman Conquest, part one: From Cnut to the Death of Edward the Confessor 1:06:52
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Send us a text This is the first half of a two part series on the Norman Conquest of England. My cohost for both parts is a veteran of this podcast, Dr. Jennifer Paxton of the Catholic University of America. Jenny is one of the very best historians of Anglo-Norman England, so this is a subject right up her alley. In this episode we explore the historical background leading up to the Norman Conquest and the claims of the three rivals who fought for the English throne in 1066: Earl Harold Godwinson, King Harald Hardrada of Norway, and Duke William of Normandy. This is an episode that cries out for genealogical tables connecting the main claimants to the English throne in 1066. Fortunately, there are a number of useful and reliable ones online: For the family relations of the main claimants to the English throne in 1066, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror#/media/File:Tree_of_William's_struggle_for_England.svg There is a nice table of the family of Earl Godwin at: https://achallengeforthethronebygeorgina.weebly.com/harold-godwinson.html And for Harald Hardrada, check out: https://www.medievalists.net/2021/08/harald-hardrada-exemplar-age/ I'm pleased to say that 'Tis But A Scratch recently was recognized by Feedspot as one of the 25 best Viking Age Podcasts and one of the top 100 podcasts on the history of Europe: https://podcast.feedspot.com/viking_age_podcasts/ https://podcast.feedspot.com/europe_podcasts/ This episode includes an audio clip from Walt Disney's animated "Alice in Wonderland." To understand why, you will just have to listen to the episode. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
Send us a text Yes, I know that Octavian IS Augustus, but this episode is about how Gaius Octavius became Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus, and in doing so replaced the old Roman Republic with a military autocracy masquerading as a republic. This is the conclusion of our three part series on the fall of the Roman Republic. My cohost for all three episodes has been my good friend Dr. Jennifer Paxton of the Catholic University of America. This episode includes two audio snippets: Mark Antony's funeral oration for Caesar, from the 1953 film version of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" (with Marlon Brando as Brutus) "What have the Romans done for us?" from "Monty Python's The Life of Brian" Quotations from: Appian on Caesar's Funeral, trans. John Carter (https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-caesars-funeral/) Res Gestae Divi Augusti ("the achievements of the deified Augustus"), trans. F.W. Shipley (https://www.livius.org/sources/content/augustus-res-gestae/) Tacitus Agricola. Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (1877) Tacitus, Annals . Loeb Classical Library edition of Tacitus, 1931 For another take on the story, I recommend listening to "Marc Antony vs. Octavian Caesar: Ancient Rome's Ruthless Rivals," a two part series on the podcast "Beef with Bridget Todd." As I am posting this a couple of days before Christmas and Hanukkah, I would like to wish you all Happy Holidays. And if you haven't yet listened to it, you might want to try our episode on how Hanukkah and Christmas were celebrated in the Middle Ages (with detours into how Hanukkah became the Jewish Christmas in the United States and why the Puritans tried to suppress Christmas). Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 Fall of the Roman Republic: From Sulla's March on Rome to Caesar's Assassination 1:25:52
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Send us a text This is the second of a three part series about the fall of the Roman Republic. My cohost for all three episodes is Dr. Jennifer Paxton of the Catholic University of America. We actually had been planning only two episodes, but the story is long and detailed, so we thought that three would be best. In episode one, Jenny and I explained the workings of the Roman Republic and the military, economic, and cultural factors that undermined its stability in the late second and first century B.C.. In it we examined how and why Rome's acquisition of a Mediterranean based empire undermined the foundations of its republican constitution. Among the topics covered in that episode are: the Roman class system and how it shaped Roman political institutions; the patron-client relationship; Roman just war theory; the land reform program of the Gracchi brothers; Marius' unprecedented six consulships; and the fracturing of the ruling elite in the Optimates, supporters of senatorial privilege, and the Populares, who sought to check the senate by appealing to the popular assemblies; This episode picks up where the last one left off, beginning with Sulla's march on Rome in 99 B.C. and ending with the assassination of Julius Caesar on the idea of March, 44 B.C.. The third and final episode completes the story, culminating in the establishment of the "Principate" by Octavian Augustus, an autocracy masquerading as a republic. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 The Fall of the Roman Republic, Part 1: The Late Roman Republic in Theory and Practice 1:12:57
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Send us a text For the fiftieth (!) episode of this podcast, I'm taking a few centuries detour from the Middle Ages to talk about the fall of the Roman Republic. In this episode, the first of a two part series, my cohost Dr. Jenny Paxton and I talk about the political and cultural institutions of the Roman Republic in the late second and first centuries B.C.E.*. We explain how and why a republic designed to govern an Italian city-state fell victim to its own success as Rome rose to empire, despite all of its built in checks and balances. In the second episode, Jenny and I relate how a series of ambitious political generals--Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, and Octavian Augustus--plunged the Republic into two generations of civil war that culminated in the establishment of a military autocracy disguised as a republic. (Note: B.C.E. stands for "Before the Common Era"; C.E. for "The Common Era." They are the secular equivalents of B.C. and A.D.. Be warned, we weren't consistent in our use of these dating conventions. I also noticed that sometimes we called the Roman legislative and judicial body known as the c onsilium plebis the plebeian assembly and sometimes the council of plebeians. Sorry for any confusion this might cause.) This episode includes an audio clip from Universal Picture's 1993 film "Jurassic Park" Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
Send us a text I know. Just what everyone needed, an episode about an election. To take a break from reading and watching election postmortems, I decided to return to one of my favorite teaching texts, the monk Jocelin of Brakelond’s Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds . This is more of a personal memoir of what Jocelin saw and experienced as a monk than it is the standard monastic chronicle. It contains the fullest account of the process by which English monasteries in the High Middle Ages elected an abbot, and I thought that would be a fun and a far less stressful subject than our recent election—at least for our listeners if not for the monks of Bury St. Edmunds in 1182. My co-host for this episode is my partner for life and inspiration for all things medieval, my wife Ellen. This episode is especially for those of our listening audience who regard the U.S. election results with fear and trembling and a sickness unto death. [This is a corrected version of the episode. The first posting had some glitches which I corrected. Sorry about that.] Quotations are from Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds , trans. Diane Greenway and Jane Sayers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. This episodes includes a musical interlude: Orbita Solaris (Short Version) Gregorian Chant Chant group Psallentes, directed by Hendrik Vanden Abeele, singing from a 12th century antiphoner, prepared for the Mariakerk in Utrecht. Semi-live recording by Jo Cops at Heverlee, Belgium, May 2009. Singers are: Conor Biggs, Pieter Coene, Lieven Deroo, Paul Schils, Philippe Souvagie and Hendrik Vanden. Abeele.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lo-yb-UDBHA Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
Send us a text This episode is devoted to a truly unique and pretty weird Arabic text, The Book of Charlatans by an obscure early thirteenth-century Arabic scholar, Jamal al-Din 'Abd al-Rahim al-Jawbari, commonly known simply as al-Jawbari. At the behest of a Turkman sultan, al-Jawbari composed an encyclopedic guide to the scams, con games, and trickery practiced in the cities of the medieval Middle East. Al-Jawbari not only catalogues the various scams and trickery but also explains how they were pulled off. The book warns its readers to be vigilant against these scams, but it also reads like a "how to" manual. What makes it such a "good read" are the many anecdotes that al-Jawbari includes based on his own experiences during his travels throughout the Islamic east. My co-host for this episode is Peter Konieczny, the owner of the website medievalists.net, the leading online platform for all things medieval. In an earlier episode, Peter explained to me how and why the Mongols devastated Abbasid Baghdad. Frankly, I had not even heard of The Book of Charlatans until Peter approached me with the idea of doing an episode on it. I am so glad that he did because this really is an interesting work that sheds light on the criminal underbelly of the medieval Islamic world. It is also just fun. Please join us as we talk about the many scams practiced by medieval Muslim--and Christian--con artists in the thirteenth-century Middle East. The Book of Charlatans , translated by Humphrey Davies and edited by Manuela Dengler. New York Univesity Press, 2020. (If you have questions about this--or any episode of the podcast--feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com.) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 Crusaders and Settlers in the Holy Land: Who Went and Why 1:04:50
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Send us a text In this episode I talk with the distinguished historian of the crusades Dr. Steven Tibble about the motivations of crusaders and of those Europeans who settled in the Crusader states of Outremer. Steve is the author of five books dealing with the crusades, the most recent of which is Crusader Criminals: The Knights Who Went Rogue in the Holy Land (Yale University Press, 2024). We examine the roles played by religious zeal, the promise of remission of sin, feudal obligation, the hope of material gain, and the benefit of temporal privileges in motivating those who took the cross. In considering the relationship between crusaders and settlers, Steve explains why the rulers and European residents of Outremer developed a culture of religious and ethnic toleration that surprised and appalled Crusaders just off the boat. And because I couldn't resist, I have Steve explain why the Crusader States became hotbeds of crime and violence. I hope you will join us. Audio clips in this episode: The movie trailer for the 1948 re-release of Cecil B. DeMille's 1935 epic, The Crusades . A snippet from "The Crusades" episode of the 1989 PBS series "Timeline." Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 The Battle That Destroyed the Military Forces of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Hattin (1187) 1:06:45
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Send us a text On 3-4 July 1187 the Sultan of Egypt and Syria Saladin enjoyed the greatest military victory of his career. The Battle of Hattin, a two-day battle fought along the road leading to the town of Tiberias and, on the following day, on the Horns of Hattin, an iron-age hillfort above that road, is one of the few decisive battles of the Middle Ages. (In this episode, Richard explains why there were so few battles.) The battle pitted a Muslim force of about 30,000, comprised largely of Turkish cavalry, against the largest military force ever raised by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, an army of about 1,200 cavalry and 18,000 foot soldiers. The outcome of the battle was the capture of King Guy and the virtual annihilation of the field army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In the months following the battle, Saladin systematically took all the major coastal cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, except for Tyre, and then turned inland to take Jerusalem. King Guy of Lusignan's ultimately disastrous decision to leave the safety of its camp at the springs of Sepphoris (Saffurya) and march 30 kilometers across waterless farmland in the July heat to relieve Saladin's siege of Tiberias remains controversial. In this episode, Professor Nicholas Morton, author of Crusader States and Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187 and veteran of this podcast, explains Guy's military thinking by placing the Battle of Hattin in the larger context of warfare as practiced by the rulers of the Crusader States of the Middle East. In doing so, Nick persuasively argues against a reigning academic and popular consensus that regards Guy's decision as defying military logic. (Sorry, no movie reviews in this episode--though the prelude to and aftermath of the Battle of Hattin is depicted in Ridley Scott's The Kingdom of Heaven, and the full battle is shown in Egyptian director Youssef Chahine's 1963 movie Saladin the Victorious .) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
Send us a text Yes, Kristin Lavransdatter is the highest-grossing Norwegian film of all time. That isn't as impressive as it might sound, as the movie only brought in $3.7 million in box office receipts, but virtually all of that came from domestic sales. Pretty much unknown outside Scandinavia, the movie was a sensation when released in Norway in 1995. An estimated two-thirds of the country's population have viewed it. The movie is based on the first volume of Sigrid Undset's trilogy about the life of an ordinary woman in fourteenth century Norway, which won her the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1928. Directed and written by the celebrated Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann, the film is a very faithful adaptation. The production strove for historical accuracy in costume and settings, and most of the dialogue is taken directly from the novel. (Sigrid Undset is credited as co-screenplay writer.) The reason I decided to devote a short episode to this movie and to its source novel is they both are worthy attempts to examine an aspect of the Middle Ages virtually ignored in popular culture, the life of ordinary people. Kristin Lavransdatter is the coming of age story of young woman from a prosperous family in rural fourteenth-century Norway who is seduced by and falls in love with a knight with a (justifiably) scandalous reputation. Whether Kristin's mentalité in the novel and film is really "medieval" is a matter of academic debate. But the care with which Undset in her novel and Ullmann in the film recreate the religious rituals, customs, and everyday life in early fourteenth-century Norway is impressive and worth a reading and a viewing. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…

1 Medieval Adultery in the Movies (with Kat Tracey) 1:09:30
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Send us a text This is the final episode--sort of*--of a multi-part series about medieval adultery in literature, history, and popular culture. My co-host Professor Larissa 'Kat' Tracey and I review how adultery has been dealt with in movies about the Middle Ages. We begin with three Hollywood medieval epics, "The Kingdom of Heaven," "Braveheart," and "The Last Duel," and then turn to the focus of our previous episodes, movies about Lancelot and Guinevere and Tristan and Iseult. *I will be posting a short episode on the film adaptation of Sigrid Undset's Nobel Prize winning novel Kristin Lavransdatter. That really will be our last word on medieval adultery. This episode includes sound clips from the following movies: "Kingdom of Heaven" (2006), dir. Ridley Scott: Baldwin IV offers Balian command of the armies of Jerusalem and marriage to his sister (unfortunately the recording is not the best quality) "The Last Duel" (2021), dir. Ridley Scott: musical score (comp: Harry Gregson Williams) "Knights of the Round Table" (1953), dir. Richard Thorpe: musical score (comp: Miklós Rózsa) "Excalibur" (1982), dir. John Boorman: musical score (Predlude to the Liebestod, from Wagner's Tristan und Isolde ) "Lovespell (1981), dir. Tom Donovon: musical score (comp. Paddy Moloney) Works consulted: Susan Aronstein, Hollywood Knights: Arthurian Cinema and the Politics of Nostalgia . Palgrave, 2005. Virginia Blanton, Martha M. Johnson-Olin, and Charlene Miller Avrich, eds., Medieval Women in Film: An Annotated Handlist and Reference Guide. Medieval Feminist Forum Subsidia Series, 2014. Kevin J. Harty, ed., Cinema Arthuriana. McFarland, 2002. Kevin J. Harty, ed., Medieval Women on Film. McFarland, 2020. Bert Olton, Arthurian Legends on Film and Television. McFarland, 2000. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text This is the second of a three part series about King Alfred of Wessex (reigned 871-899), the only English king to be called "the Great." In this episode Ellen and I chat with Dr. Barbara Yorke, Professor Emeritus at the University of Winchester in the U.K.. Professor Yorke is arguably the world's leading expert on Anglo-Saxon Wessex. She and I share the distinction of being among the host of biographers of King Alfred. The basic question I pose to her is whether Alfred deserves to be called "the Great." Her answer is a bit more nuanced and less adulatory than mine was in episode one, which is one of the reasons I thought it important that you hear her assessment of Alfred. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 King Alfred: was he really all that 'great'? 1:07:43
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Send us a text After a hiatus we are back with the long promised episode about King Alfred of Wessex (871-899), the only English king to be called "the great." In this episode, Richard gives an overview of Alfred's reign and accomplishments and explains why the Victorians thought he was great--and why Richard does as well. The musical introduction is the opening of "Rule Britannia" from the masque "Alfred," performed by Jamie MacDougall, Jennifer Smith, Philharmonia Chorale, Nicholas McGegan & Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra From the album "The Last Night of the Proms: The Ultimate Collection" The exit music (as always) is by Alexander Nakarada Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode I interview my special guest Dr. Nicholas Morton, author of The Mongol Storm (Basic Books, 2022), about the Mongols and their invasion of and impact upon the thirteenth-century Near East. Our discussion covers who and what the Mongols were; why they were so effective militarily; Mongol religion and religious 'toleration'; their reputation for horrific brutality; why the Mamluks of Egypt were able to defeat them in battle; and the economic and cultural impact of the so-called Pax Mongolica. Suggested reading: Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250- 1350 (Oxford University Press, 1989) Favereau, Marie. The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World (Belknap Press, 2021) Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion (Yale University Press, 2017) May, Timothy. The Mongols Empire (Edinburgh University Press, 2018) Morton, Nicholas. The Mongol Storm: Making and Breaking Empires in the Medieval Near East (Basic Books, 2022) Morton, Nicholas. "Life Under the Mongols." BBC History Magazine. Vol. 24 (April 2023) Rossabi, Morris. The Mongols and Global History (Norton Documents Reader) (W.W. Norton, 2010) This episode includes a sound clip from the theatrical trailer for the epically terrible 1956 movie "The Conqueror," starring John Wayne as Genghis Khan--yes the John Wayne as Genghis Khan!!! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHt0Pb8rkXU) As always, we are grateful to the talented and generous composer Alexander Nakarada for the podcast's intro and exit music. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Robin Hood in Movies and Television 1:35:01
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Send us a text This is the second half of a two-part series about the legendary medieval outlaw Robin Hood. In the first episode, my co-host Dr. Jennifer Paxton and I discussed the evidence for a historical basis for the legend. In this one, we look at how Robin Hood has been portrayed in film and television from the silent era to the present--and how each generation has gotten (in Jenny's words) "the Robin Hood that you need in your particular time." Because there are so many films and television shows featuring Robin Hood, Jenny and I had to be very selective. From the fifty films and eight episodes we chose the best, the most influential--and the worst. We consider them as entertainments, but because we are historians, we also discuss how the film makers and show runners dealt with the Middle Ages. I hope you enjoy listening to this episode as much as we enjoyed recording it. This episode includes sound clips from: "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938), including Erich Korngold's magnificent musical score for that movie "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (1962) "Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves" (1991) "Oo-De-Lally," composed and sung by Roger Miller, from Walt Disney's Robin Hood (1973) The television show "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1955-9): exit theme by Carl Sigman, sung by Dick James The podcast's intro music is composed by the talented and generous Alexander Nakarada (https://alexandernakarada.bandcamp.com/album/collection-celtic-medieval). If you are enjoying "'Tis But A Scratch: Fact & Fiction About the Middle Ages," please let friends, family, and students know about the podcast. Subscribing to the podcast doesn't cost anything and you will get a notification when a new episode is released. If you have the time and inclination, write a review. High ratings and good reviews will help new listeners find us. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode Richard and Dr. Jennifer Paxton of The Catholic University of America search for a historical Robin Hood and explore the medieval and Tudor stories about the heroic outlaw and his band of merry men. This is the first of a two-part series. The follow on episode will be on Robin Hood in movies and television. Credits The podcast's intro and exit music is composed by the talented and generous Alexander Nakarada (https://alexandernakarada.bandcamp.com/album/collection-celtic-medieval). The opening to the folksong "Lord Randall, My Son" is by Ewan MacColl from his album, "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Child Ballads)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0dRGi4rx0c) The modern English translation of "A Geste of Robin Hood" is by Robin Landis Frank (https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~ohlgren/gesttrans.html) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode Richard and his special guest and co-host Dr. Christine Senecal of Shippensburg University discuss the 2022 Viking movie "The Northman." Director and co-screenplay writer Robert Eggers' avowed goal in making this movie was to recreate the material and mental world of the Vikings. Please join Richard and Chrissie as they assess how well he succeeded in accomplishing this. [My apologies to the 110 listeners who have already downloaded this, but I added five more minutes toward the end to cover some historical points that I left out in our discussion of the movie "The Northman." A transcript of the missing material is posted in the transcript section. ] This episode includes sound clips from the movies "The Vikings" (1958) and "The Northman." The composer of "The Vikings" theme music is Mario Nascimbe. The composers of "The Northman" music are Robin Carolan and Sebastian Gainsborough. Alexander Nakarada composed the podcast's intro and exit music. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode, Richard and Ellen discuss who and what vikings were historically, and how they were depicted in the Middle Ages and modern times. The episode focuses upon the first century of the Viking Age, roughly from the late eighth to the early tenth century. (This episode marks the first anniversary of 'Tis But A Scratch: Fact and Fiction About the Middle Ages. Ellen and I would like to take this opportunity to thank you, our listeners. If you are enjoying the podcast, please let friends, family, and (if you are a teacher) students know about it. And if you are listening on one of the platforms that rates and reviews podcasts, like Apple, please take the time to rate us. It is a great way of spreading the word. I should also add my sincere apologies to Rodgers and Hammerstein and to all French speakers for butchering the pronunciation of the names of French towns.) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text This is a short end of the year episode. It's exactly what the title says, just some thoughts about the role of Hanukkah in contemporary America and the Middle Ages. Happy Holidays from Ellen and me to you and yours! Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Was King Æthelred Really Unready? 1:13:14
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Send us a text Few English kings have had a worse popular reputation than Æthelred the Unready (r.978-1016), the king who lost England (at least temporarily) to viking invaders. But does he deserve that reputation? Was King Æthelred really "unready"? My co-host for this episode is the person most qualified to answer that question, Dr. Levy Roach of the University of Exeter in the U.K, author of Æthelred the Unready (Yale University Press, 2016). Please join Levy and me as we explore the troubled reign of a much maligned king. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 "Wicked" Medieval Women and the Monks Who Loathed Them 1:20:51
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Send us a text In this episode Ellen and I discuss three "wicked" medieval women and the monastic authors who loathed them. We begin with the Anglo-Saxon Queen Ælfthryth, a champion of the Tenth-Century Benedictine Reform movement in England, who appears in the twelfth-century Liber Eliensis as a lascivious witch responsible for the murders of her stepson King Edward the Martyr and Byrhtnoth, the first abbot of Ely. We then turn to an early twelfth-century French countess, Sibyl of Porcien, a lascivious beauty whose adultery, according to Abbot Guibert of Nogent, caused a war between her first and second husbands, and who plotted the ruin and death of her stepson. We conclude with a late eleventh-century Norman female robber baron, Mabel of Belleme as she appears in Orderic Vitalis's Ecclesiastical History . In each case, Ellen and I discuss whether these women deserve their notoriety, and consider why the monks who told their stories portrayed them as wicked. The larger issue in this episode is, of course, medieval misogyny. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 King Arthur in Literature and Popular Culture: From Sir Thomas Malory to the Present 1:02:07
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Send us a text Today’s episode concludes our three part series about King Arthur in history, legend, and popular culture. Our jumping off point for this episode is Sir Thomas Malory’s late fifteenth-century Le Morte D’Arthur , the work most responsible for the popular conception of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. We then trace how the legend has been repeatedly reinterpreted down to the present day in literature, films, comics, and even video games. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode Ellen and I with the help of my longtime friend and colleague Dr. Jennifer Paxton of the Catholic University of America trace the development of the Arthurian legend during the Middle Ages, as Arthur was transformed from the chieftain of Welsh stories into the exemplar of medieval French and English chivalry. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 King Arthur in History, Legend, and Popular Culture. Part One: Was Arthur a Real Person? 1:12:36
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Send us a text This episode features a guest co-host, my old friend and colleague Dr. Jennifer Paxton, director of the Honors Program at The Catholic University of America and one of the best historians of medieval Britain. Jenny, Ellen, and I examine the evidence for a historical Arthur in the aftermath of the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the fifth century. We begin with the historical context, the "Fall of Roman Britain" and the coming of Germanic mercenaries and migrants to the British Isles. If Arthur existed, he would have been a military leader in the Romano-British resistance to the conquest of England by these newcomers from northern Germany and Jutland. The big question here is "if he existed." Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode Ellen and I compare medieval Inquisitions with the Spanish Inquisition, and both with the popular conception of the Inquisition. Among other subjects, we discuss what an inquisition was--and is--, how inquisitions served as a tool in the formation of a persecuting society, and why it is not quite accurate to see either the medieval or the Spanish Inquisition as targeting Jews--or, at least, Jews as Jews. Please join us! Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode Ellen and I talk about a dualist heresy that was widespread in twelfth- and thirteenth-century southern France and northern Italy. This heresy is generally known as Catharism. Its central tenet was that there are two gods, a good god who created the spiritual world and an evil god who created the visible world. The soul of man is good, but the flesh in which it is imprisoned is evil. Pope Innocent III regarded the heresy as a sufficient threat to Christendom to warrant a crusade. This was the so-called Albigensian Crusade that began in 1209 and did not end until 1229. A Dominican friar writing around 1250 observed that “if the heresy had not been cut back by the swords of the faithful … it would have corrupted the whole of Christendom.” The Albigensian Crusade was exceptionally brutal even by medieval standards. It began with a massacre that gave birth to the saying, "kill them all. God will know his own." The failure of this crusade to eradicate the heresy was the impetus for the creation of the medieval inquisition. This subject is also a stroll down memory lane for Ellen and me, as we reflect upon our collaboration many, many years ago on an article about women's participation in Catharism. When we wrote that article no one questioned whether there really was a Cathar heresy. That is no longer the case. Please join us as we examine the historiography and history of the Cathars. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Medieval Adultery in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Opera and Literature (with Kat Tracey) 1:21:07
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Send us a text This is the third of a multi-episode series in which I chat with Dr. Larissa ‘Kat’ Tracey about literary representations of medieval adultery and its reality. In this episode Kat and I survey and discuss the major nineteenth- and twentieth-century literary treatments of medieval adultery, focusing on the stories of La(u)ncelot and Guinevere and of Tristan/Tristram and Isolde/Isolt/Iseult The episode begins with an opera, Richard Wagner’s extremely influential retelling of the tale, Tristan und Isolde. Although composed between 1857 and 1859, the opera did not premiere until 1865, because it was deemed too expensive to stage and its complex, innovative music was thought to be unperformable. We consider how Wagner reconceived his medieval source, Gottfried of Strassburg's thirteenth-century romance, through the lens of Schopenhauer's life-denying philosophy, and how in its composition art imitated life, as Wagner engaged in what was the very least an emotional affair with his wealthy Swiss patron's wife. Kat and I then discuss the very different treatments of these Arthurian stories about adultery by three leading Victorian poets and one early twentieth-century American: the poet Laureate Alfred Lord Tennyson, the decadent aesthete Algernon Swinburne, the Pre-Raphaelite artist and author William Morris, and the popular American poet Edwin Arlington Robinson, whose now all-but-forgotten best-selling poem Tristram won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928. We then turn to how twentieth-century novelists have handled the moral issues arising from medieval adultery in their renditions of the Arthurian legend. The episode concludes with an analysis of adultery in a non-Arthurian medieval novel, Sigrid Undset’s historical trilogy about fourteenth-century Norway, Kristin Lavransdatter (1920-1923), which earned the author the Noble Prize for Literature in 1928, the same year that Robinson’s very different Tristram won the Pulitzer. Kat and I began this episode with the intention of covering both modern literature and movies dealing with medieval adultery. But it became clear as we were recording that a single episode would be very long. So we decided to talk about medieval adultery on film in a final, fourth episode, which I will be releasing in about a week’s time. And that will be it for medieval adultery, although I plan to have Kat return in future to talk about a subject on which she has written extensively, torture and cruelty in medieval literature. As I have jokingly told her, she is my go to person for medieval perversities. This episode contains two musical snippets: Wagner’s “Prelude to the Liebestod [Love Death]” from his opera Tristan und Isolde , conducted by Arturo Toscanini ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBFcDGTzgAI ) “If Ever I Would Leave You” from the musical Camelot , lyrics and music by Lerner and Loewe and sung by Robert Goulet as Lancelot ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL52hEArSfM ) In my discussion of the literary texts, I drew upon the researches of several scholars, among them: John Deathridge, Wagner Beyond Good and Evil , University of California Press, 2008 R.J.A. Kilbourn, “Redemption Revalued in Tristan und Isolde: Schopenhauer, Wagner, Nietzsche,” in University of Toronto Quarterly, Volume 67, Number 4, Fall 1998, pp. 781-788 “Tristan und Isolde,” Wikipedia (yes, I do consult Wikipedia) “The birth Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Medieval adultery, part 2 (with Kat Tracy): Tristan and Iseult and a late twelfth-century "National Enquirer" story 1:08:57
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Send us a text This is the second of a three part series with my very special co-host, Dr. Larissa 'Kat' Tracy, about adultery in the Middle Ages. In the previous episode, Kat and I talked about the Lancelot and Guinevere story. In this episode, we tackle the other great medieval tale of adulterous love, Tristan and Iseult. We begin, however, with a possible contemporary historical analogue, a scandal involving Countess Elizabeth of Vermandois, wife of Count Philip of Flanders, and a very unfortunate household knight. If true, the adultery of the countess and the vengeance taken by her husband emphasizes the difference between literature and reality--but, the "if" is very much in question. In the third and concluding episode, we will look at how the stories of Lancelot and Guinevere and Tristan and Iseult have been used in modern literature and movies. If you are enjoying this podcast, please share it with friends and family who might be interested in things medieval. And if you are listening on a platform that allows ratings and reviews, such as Apple podcasts, please take the time to rate and review it. I am told that is the best way of spreading the good news. This episode includes an orchestral snippet of Arturo Toscanini conducting the Liebestod from Richard Wagner's opera "Tristan und Isolde" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBFcDGTzgAI) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century (with Dr. John Hosler) 1:03:25
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Send us a text In this episode, my very special guest Dr. John Hosler draws upon the research he undertook for his book Jerusalem Falls: Seven Centuries of War and Peace (Yale University Press, 2022) to discuss what Jerusalem meant in the thought and imagination of Christians and Muslims in the twelfth century, and the role the city played in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. As John is a professor at the Army's Command and General Staff College, we also chat a bit about teaching military history to military officers. This episode contains a short sound bite from the movie "Kingdom of Heaven" Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 St. Thomas Becket, 2: the Martyrdom 1:08:57
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Send us a text In this episode my co-host Dr. Jennifer Paxton and I explain the principles and personal grievances that led to the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket and the significance of that event for Church-State relations in medieval England. We also talk about T.S. Eliot’s and Jean Anouilh’s plays about Thomas’ martyrdom, and the movies based on those plays. This is the second of a two part series. If you haven’t already done so, you might want to listen to the first episode in which Jenny and I talk about Becket’s background, his career leading up to his election as archbishop of Canterbury, and his contribution to Henry II’s efforts to restore royal authority in England after a generation of civil war. This episodes contains audio clips from: "Becket" (released by Paramount, directed by Peter Glenville, starring Richard Burton and Peter O'Toole, and adapted by Edward Anhalt from a play by Jean Anouilh) The 12th century song lamenting the exile of Thomas Becket, "In Rama sonat gemitus," performed by Lumina Vocal Ensemble (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c30K1rQsaiI) The Trim Jeans Theater's adaptation of T.S. Eliot's "Murder in the Cathedral" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYvz1-ThCHY) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Medieval Adultery (with Kat Tracy), part 1: Lancelot and Guinevere 1:11:23
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Send us a text This is the first of a three part series about adultery in the Middle Ages. My co-host for both is Dr. Larissa 'Kat' Tracy. Last month Kat and I talked about my favorite medieval romance, Chretien de Troyes' late twelfth-century French poem "Yvain: The Knight with the Lion." Unlike the more famous medieval romances of Lancelot and Guinevere and Tristan and Isolde, "Yvain" celebrated marital love. That led me to ask Kat about attitudes toward adultery in medieval literature. In this episode we focus on the evolution of the Lancelot and Guinevere story, and how it relates to societal and clerical attitudes toward adultery. The second part will be about Tristan and Isolde, and how medieval adultery has been dealt with in movies. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 St. Thomas Becket, part 1: King Henry II and his Chancellor, Thomas Becket 1:08:55
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Send us a text This is the first of two episodes on the career, historical context, and "afterlife" of England's most famous--and controversial--saint and martyr, St. Thomas Becket. My co-host for both is a veteran of this podcast, Dr. Jennifer Paxton of the Catholic University of America. In this episode we set the historical scene for Becket's martyrdom. Among the topics that Jenny and I discuss are Becket's childhood and family, his service as a cleric in the household of Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury, and the legal and administrative reforms undertaken by Henry II to restore--and enhance--royal authority and social order after fifteen years of civil war in England. The last leads to a discussion of English "Common Law" and the rise of administrative kingship in England. The episode also deals with the rival claims of sovereignty over the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church by a rising papal monarchy that conceived of the Church as a supranational state and by kings, who, citing custom and tradition, viewed the bishops and clergy within their kingdoms as their 'men,' subject to their will. We touch on the central issue of the Becket Controversy: Becket's claim that clergy are subject only to canon law and exempt from punishment by the state, a topic will be explored in greater detail in the next episode. That episode will deal with Thomas Becket's martyrdom; his emergence as England's most famous martyr and his tomb as the destination for numerous pilgrimages, most famously that of Chaucer's pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales ; and the continued fascination that his story holds for writers and movie makers. I hope that you will join us for both. This episode includes: Neville Coghill reading from the Prologue to Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (which can be found online at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WN3JA1IfbVM Short audio clips from the 1964 movie "Becket," starring Richard Burton as Thomas Becket and Peter O'Toole as King Henry II (If you are enjoying this podcast, please let your friends know about it, and, if you have the time and inclination, rate it and review it wherever you get your podcasts. I'm told that is the best way to spread the good word.) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In this episode Ellen and Richard talk about what a "crusade" was in the Middle Ages. Richard explains what modern historians mean by the term "crusade"--and why there is so little agreement. He also offers a response to a question posed by Nicholas Morton in the previous episode: How did the medieval Church reconcile its doctrine of love of enemy and its pacifistic underpinnings with papal sponsorship of crusades? Recommended reading: Western Historiography of the Crusades Riley-Smith, Jonathan. What Were the Crusades? 4th edition, Ignatius Press, 2009. When this was first published in 1977, it represented the first serious effort to explain what historians mean when they refer to crusades, and remains a key work. It is also short, 177 pages, and clearly written. As I took the title for this episode from this book, it is only fair that it is listed first. Riley-Smith's The Crusades: A History and the volume of essays he edited, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades are good introductions to the subject. Constable, Giles. Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century. Routledge, 2020. Constable is responsible for the categorization of modern crusading historiography into four schools, Traditionalists, Pluralists, Generalists, and Popularists. He is also the scholar most responsible for recognizing the importance of charters as source material for crusading history. Giles, who passed away in 2021, was a welcoming and generous scholar who helped me appreciate the importance of culture in medieval warfare. Housley, Norman. Contesting the Crusades. Blackwell Publishing, 2006. A survey of the key historiographical debates over key crusading issues (defining the crusade, origins of the First Crusade, Intentions and Motivations, etc.). Tyerman, Christopher. The Debate on the Crusades . Manchester University Press, 2011. From the blurb on the back cover: “This is the first book-length study of how succeeding generations from the First Crusade in 1099 to the present day have understood, refashioned, moulded and manipulated accounts of these medieval wars of religion to suit changing contemporary circumstances and interests.” It is a bit idiosyncratic—Tyerman has strong opinions about the work of fellow scholars--but the author clearly knows his stuff. Tyerman also has the distinction of being the author of one of the longest single volume histories of the Crusade ( God’s War , Harvard U. Press, 2009) and one of the shortest ( The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction , Oxford U. Press, 2006). Muslim views of the Crusades Hillenbrand, Carole, The Crusades: The Islamic Perspectives . Edinburgh University Press, 1999. This is a monumental (704 pages), groundbreaking study of how Muslims viewed the crusaders and the West in the era of the crusades, and later. Niall Christie, Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity’s Wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, from the Islamic Sources . Routledge, 2014. This is a concise and well thought out survey of the crusades from the contemporary Muslim perspective, with a well-chosen selection of excerpts from medieval Arabic sources. Sivan , Emmanuel. "The Crusaders described by modern Arab historiography". Asian and African Studies , 8 ( 1972 ): 104-49. One of the few studies of modern Arab historiography of the Crusades (written, interestingly, by an Israeli scholar). Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Crusading Warfare in the East, 1099-1187 1:09:14
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Send us a text My guest for this episode is Dr. Nicholas Morton, whom you may remember from our first episode about the Mongols. Today Nick and I will be talking about crusading warfare, in particular, about the military activities and challenges faced by the Crusader States established in the Levant by the First Crusade. Among the topics we will discussing are the different approaches to warfare practiced by the European Crusaders and their Turkish and Fatimid adversaries; how the crusaders and the leaders of the Latin Crusader states adjusted--or failed to adjust--to the novel challenges presented by warfare in the Middle East; why the First Crusade succeeded while the others failed; and whether, militarily, the Crusader states were doomed from the start. Recommended reading: Nicholas Morton. The Crusader States & Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187 . Oxford University Press, 2020. R.C. Smail. Crusading Warfare, 1097-1193 . 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1995 (originally published 1956) Christopher Marshall. Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291 . Cambridge University Press, 1992. John France. Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade . Cambridge University Press, 1994. John France. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades: 1000-1300 . Cornell University Press, 1999. David Nicolle. Crusader Warfare Volume I: Byzantium, Western Europe and the Battle for the Holy Land . Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2007. David Nicolle. Crusader Warfare Volume II: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle Against the Crusades. Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2007. John Gillingham, “Richard I and the Science of Warfare” - from War and Government: Essays in Honour of J.O. Prestwich (1984); "William the Bastard at War," in Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown , ed. c. Harper-Bill, C. Holdsworth, and J. Nelson (1989); "War and Chivalry in the History of William the Marshal." Thirteenth Century England v.2 (1991); "'Up with Orthodoxy': In Defense of Vegetian Strategy." Journal of Medieval Military History , vol. 2 (2004): 21-41." Clifford Rogers. "The Vegetian 'Science of Warfare' in the Middle Ages." Journal of Medieval Military History , vol. 1 (2002): 1-19. Stephen Morillo. "Battle-Seeking: The Contexts and Limits of Vegetian Strategy." Journal of Medieval Military History , vol. 1 (2002): 149-58. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Medieval Romance: The Knight with the Lion 1:39:17
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Send us a text In this episode my guest host Professor Larissa 'Kat" Tracy and I discuss my favorite medieval romance, Chrétien de Troyes' late twelfth century poem, "Yvain, the Knight with the Lion." We place the poem within its historical context--the first European industrial and commercial revolution, and the emergence of a courtly society and culture--and analyze what it reveals about aristocratic values and conceptions of love, gender relations, and chivalry in the late twelfth century. The translation I used for the quotations is by Carleton W. Carroll ( Chr é tien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances . Penguin Classics. Penguin Books, 1991). This episode includes a musical snippet from Andrei Krylov's "Noble medieval knight song" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imdIX--ZYJo Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad (1258) 1:07:42
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Send us a text Last May, I spoke with Professor Nicholas Morton about the Mongols and their impact upon the medieval Near East. This episode digs deeper into that subject, focusing on the Mongol conquest and destruction of Baghdad in February of 1258. The Mongol sack of Baghdad is notorious for its brutality. Estimates of the number killed range from 90,000 to the 200,000 claimed by the leader of the Mongol army, Hulegu Khan. Much like Alaric's sack of Rome in 410, the Mongol conquest of Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid caliphate, had a symbolic significance beyond its political and military importance. It signaled both the end of an independent Abbasid caliphate and announced the Mongol intent to dominate the entire Islamic Near East, a goal that was to be thwarted by the Mamluks of Egypt. In this episode, I interview Peter Konieczny, the co-founder and editor of Medievalists.net, about his research into the Mongol conquest of Baghdad. Peter explains the role played by non-Mongols in instigating the invasion of Iran and Iraq for their own profit, why the Mongols targeted Baghdad, what that city was on the eve of the Mongol assault, and the real historical significance of the event. I hope you will join us. I've turned a number of the podcast episodes into YouTube videos using PowerPoint to add relevant images. These can be found at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsLl5BdGBDlAlYULY1zeckOOdVPrSIN2X If you have questions about this or any episode, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com If you are enjoying "'Tis But A Scratch" on a site that has reviews and ratings, please consider giving it a good review and high rating so that others interested in the Middle Ages might give it a try. Thanks! Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

1 Beowulf (2): translations, adaptations, and movies! 1:20:24
1:20:24
Toista Myöhemmin
Toista Myöhemmin
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Send us a text In this episode, the second of a two part series, Dr. Chrissy Senecal and I continue our discussion of the Old English epic poem Beowulf . In it we talk about the challenges of translation and look at literary and cinematic adaptations of the poem. Sound clips in this episode: “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly” soundtrack (composer: Ennio Morricone) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOl73VQOS9M Trailer for “Beowulf” (1999) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOrfinPSqyQ Beowulf seduced by Grendel’s mother: “Beowulf” (2007) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyltO_ump0s Recommended: “The Saga Thing” podcast’s “Hwæt a Movie” episodes on “Beowulf” (1999) and “The Thirteenth Warrior” https://sagathingpodcast.wordpress.com/2023/09/20/hwaet-a-movie-episode-1-beowulf-1999/ https://sagathingpodcast.wordpress.com/2023/12/20/hwaet-a-movie-episode-2-the-13th-warrior/ (For those who love Norse sagas, this is the perfect podcast. Each episode the co-hosts John and Andy [Dr. John Sexton and Dr. Andrew Pfrenger] describe, discuss, and rate sagas. They have recently branched out to “Beowulf” movies.) Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text This is the first of a two-part series on the most famous monster story in pre-modern literature, the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf . My co-host for both is Dr. Christine Senecal of Shippensburg University. In this episode Chrissy and I talk about the poem itself. We begin with the story of the hero Beowulf and how as a youth he kills two monsters ravaging the mead-hall of King Hrothgar, the fearsome Grendel and his even more fierce mother, and how as an aged king he fights and kills a fire-breathing dragon, saving his kingdom and winning the dragon's treasure, but at the cost of his life. We then discuss when the poem was written and what we can learn from it about the warrior aristocratic culture of early Anglo-Saxon England. In the follow-on episode, Chrissy and I talk about modern literary and cinematic adaptations of the Beowulf story. I hope you can join us. Passages are quoted from Beowulf, A Dual-Language Edition , trans. Howell D. Chickering, Jr. (New York: Anchor Books, 1977). Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation Backgrounds and Sources Criticism , ed. Joseph Tuso (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1975). Beowulf, A New Translation , trans. Maria Dahvana Headley (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020). The Heliand: The Saxon Gospel , trans. G. Ronald Murphy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). The Dating of Beowulf , A Reassessment , ed. Leonard Neidorf (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2014). Music: "Wælheall," composed by Hrōðmund Wōdening (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfdqIyqJ4g) "Caedmon's Hymn" on a lyre, sung and played by Peter Pringle (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8WaPIu1tAc) If you are interested in the Middle Ages--and I assume you are if you listening to 'Tis But A Scratch--you might want to check out Dr. Christine Senecal's Instagram page (https://www.instagram.com/chrissysenecal/) and her webpage, "Weird History Stories" (https://chrissysenecal.com/). Both are well worth a visit. I would same about Medievalists.net, a website dedicated to offering readers news, articles, videos and more about the medieval world and how that history is presented today (https://www.medievalists.net/) Finally, if you are enjoying 'Tis But A Scratch, please tell friends and family about it. Good ratings and good reviews help spread the word! Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text This is a revised--and a lot longer--version of our twenty-first episode ("Some thoughts about Hanukkah by a (secular) Jewish medieval historian"). That episode was just what the title said, some thoughts about the role of Hanukkah in contemporary America and the Middle Ages. In it Ellen had a throwaway line about the Puritan war on Christmas. I thought that our listeners might be interested in why the Puritans objected to and tried to suppress Christmas, and, related to that, how Christmas, as well as Hanukkah was celebrated in the Middle Ages. I know that the result is a mishmash, but I hope it's an enjoyable and informative mishmash. Happy Holidays! This episode includes snippets from "Here we come a-wassailing" The St. Michael's Singers conducted by Paul Leddington Wright https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m29jEvTfVFU Ma'oz Tsur sung by cantors from across Canada, Temple Sinai Toronto, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFY--az4z3w Adam Sandler's "The Hanukkah Song" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KX5Z-HpHH9g Reading: Hanukkah: Cait Stevenson, “Celebrating Hannukah in the Middle Ages” by Cait Stevenson, posted on Medievalists.net https://www.medievalists.net/2018/12/celebrating-hanukkah-middle-ages/ Susan Weingarten, “Medieval Hanukkah Traditions: Jewish Festive Foods in their European Contexts, Food and History 8 (2010)::41-62 Dianne Ashton, (2013). Hanukkah in America: A History . New York: New York University Press, 2013. Tsi Freeman, “Why Couldn’t Jews and Greeks Just Get Along?” https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/64639/jewish/Couldnt-the-Jews-and-Greeks-Get-Along.htm [The Wikipedia entry on Hanukkah is quite good] Medieval Christmas: Katie Ihnat, “The Middle Ages,” in The Oxford Handbook of Christmas , ed. T. Larson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020). Sophie Jackson, The Medieval Christmas. The History Press: Stroud, 2013. Peter Konieczny, “Seven Medieval Christmas Traditions.” Medievalists.net. https://www.medievalists.net/2012/12/seven-medieval-christmas-traditions/ Compton Reeves, Pleasures and Pastimes in Medieval England. New York: Oxford, 1998. Puritan war on Christmas: Stephen Nissenbaum, “Christmas in Early New England, 1620-1820: Puritanism, Popular Culture, and the Printed Word.” American Antiquary Society (1996): pp. 79-164 ( https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44539478.pdf ) J.A.R. Pimlott, | “Christmas under the Puritans,” in History Today Volume 10 Issue 12 December 1960 “Why did Cromwell abolish Christmas?” The Cromwell Association https://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs4.htm The Puritan Cultural Revolution David Underdown, Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603-1660. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 Christopher Durston. "Puritan Rule and the Failure of Cultural Revolution, 1645–1660." In: Durston, C., Eales, J. (eds) The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 . Themes in Focus. Palgrave, London. 1996. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text “Feudalism” was once accepted by academic and popular historians alike as a defining, if not the defining, feature of medieval society. For military historians, the High Middle Ages, the period from around 1050 to 1300, was once the Age of the Feudal Knight. This is no longer the case. If academic historians use it at all in their writings or classrooms, it is usually to dismiss it. For most medieval historians, feudalism has joined Viking horned helmets and “the right of the first night” in the ranks of myths about the Middle Ages. Richard, however, isn't most historians. In this episode, Richard and Ellen talk about the meanings of "feudalism" and why Richard is reluctant to throw it upon the cart of dead historical constructs. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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'tis but a scratch: fact and fiction about the Middle Ages

Send us a text In our third and final episode of the series, Richard talks with Professor Ryan Lavelle of the University of Winchester in the U.K. about Alfred the Great. Dr. Lavelle is a leading expert on Anglo-Saxon and Viking warfare. He is also the historical consultant for the BBC/Netflix television series "The Last Kingdom," based on the Saxon Chronicle novels of Bernard Cornwell. In this episode, Richard again poses the question whether Alfred deserves to be called "the Great." He and Dr. Lavelle then discuss the portrayal of King Alfred in "The Last Kingdom," and why he is portrayed that way. This episode includes short snippets from Season 1 of "The Last Kingdom." The intro and exit music is by the talented and generous Alexander Nakarada. Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander Nakarada If you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com…
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